... an advanced approach utilizing three-dimensional (3D) profilometry to achieve precise wear volume calculations. By analyzing the depth and contours of wear scars, the actual wear volume is determined by subtracting the deformed scar volume from the original, undeformed ball volume. The proposed methodology...

...-based mechanisms applications. Wear testing, hardness, profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis were performed on the selected alloys, and their results were compared. High-resolution 3D profilometry and detailed image analysis of wear...