The mechanical and tribological performances of 316 L stainless steel subjected to different cold rolling (CR) strains were investigated. The microhardness and strength of 316 L stainless steel were improved attributed to the formation of high-density defects, such as dislocations and parallel lamellar structures. Furthermore, the tribology tests were conducted under dry sliding at room temperature. With the increase in rolling strain, the wear rate of 316 L stainless steel gradually decreased due to the improvements in microhardness and strength. For the as-received specimen, the strong adhesive wear leads to the maximum wear rate compared with the cold rolled specimens. Under higher rolling strain conditions, the grain boundary embrittlement caused by oxygen reaction leads to the formation of oxidative abrasive under dry sliding conditions, and then the oxidative abrasive could serve as the third body at the siding interface. Consequently, there is a transition phase where the wear mechanism gradually shifts from adhesive to abrasive wear.
Issue Section:
Friction and Wear
References
1.
Estrin
, Y.
, and Vinogradov
, A.
, 2013
, “Extreme Grain Refinement by Severe Plastic Deformation: A Wealth of Challenging Science
,” Acta. Mater
, 61
(3
), pp. 782
–817
.2.
Odnobokova
, M.
, Belyakov
, A.
, and Kaibyshev
, R.
, 2016
, “Effect of Severe Cold or Warm Deformation on Microstructure Evolution and Tensile Behavior of a 316 L Stainless Steel
,” Adv. Eng. Mater
, 17
(12
), pp. 1812
–1820
.3.
She
, D.
, Yue
, W.
, Fu
, Z.
, Gu
, Y.
, Wang
, C.
, and Liu
, J.
, 2013
, “The Effect of Nitriding Temperature on Hardness and Microstructure of Die Steel Pre-Treated by Ultrasonic Cold Forging Technology
,” Mater. Des
, 49
, pp. 392
–399
.4.
Kwok
, C. T.
, Lo
, K. H.
, Cheng
, F. T.
, and Man
, H. C.
, 2003
, “Effect of Processing Conditions on the Corrosion Performance of Laser Surface-Melted AISI 440C Martensitic Stainless Steel
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
, 166
(2–3
), pp. 221
–230
.5.
Cheng
, Z.
, Li
, C.
, Dong
, H.
, and Bell
, T.
, 2005
, “Low Temperature Plasma Nitrocarburising of AISI 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel
,” Surf. Coat. Technol.
, 191
(2–3
), pp. 195
–200
.6.
Liu
, X. C.
, Zhang
, H. W.
, and Lu
, K.
, 2015
, “Formation of Nano-Laminated Structure in Nickel by Means of Surface Mechanical Grinding Treatment
,” Acta. Mater
, 96
, pp. 24
–36
.7.
Lu
, K.
, and Lu
, J.
, 1999
, “Surface Nanocrystallization (SNC) of Metallic Materials-Presentation of the Concept Behind a New Approach
,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol.
, 15
(3
), pp. 193
–197
http://www.jmst.org/EN/Y1999/V15/I03/193.8.
Dalmau
, A.
, Rmili
, W.
, Joly
, D.
, and Igual-Muñoz
, A.
, 2014
, “Tribological Behavior of New Martensitic Stainless Steels Using Scratch and Dry Wear Test
,” Tribol. Lett.
, 56
(3
), pp. 517
–529
.9.
Wang
, Y.
, Yue
, W.
, She
, D.
, Fu
, Z.
, Huang
, H.
, and Liu
, J.
, 2014
, “Effects of Surface Nanocrystallization on Tribological Properties of 316 L Stainless Steel Under Modtc/ZDDP Lubrications
,” Tribol. Int.
, 79
(11
), pp. 42
–51
.10.
Lancaster
, J. K.
, 1990
, “A Review of the Influence of Environmental Humidity and Water on Friction, Lubrication and Wear
,” Tribol. Int.
, 23
(6
), pp. 371
–389
.11.
Berman
, D.
, Erdemir
, A.
, and Sumant
, A. V.
, 2013
, “Reduced Wear and Friction Enabled by Graphene Layers on Sliding Steel Surfaces in Dry Nitrogen
,” Carbon
, 59
(8
), pp. 167
–175
.12.
Berman
, D.
, Erdemir
, A.
, and Sumant
, A. V.
, 2013
, “Few Layer Graphene to Reduce Wear and Friction on Sliding Steel Surfaces
,” Carbon
, 54
(54
), pp. 454
–459
.13.
Pandkar
, A. S.
, Arakere
, N.
, and Subhash
, G.
, 2015
, “Ratcheting-Based Microstructure-Sensitive Modeling of the Cyclic Hardening Response of Case-Hardened Bearing Steels Subject to Rolling Contact Fatigue
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 73
, pp. 119
–131
.14.
Pandkar
, A. S.
, Arakere
, N.
, and Subhash
, G.
, 2014
, “Microstructure-Sensitive Accumulation of Plastic Strain Due to Ratcheting in Bearing Steels Subject to Rolling Contact Fatigue
,” Int. J. Fatigue
, 63
(6
), pp. 191
–202
.15.
Quinn
, T. F. J.
, Sullivan
, J. L.
, and Rowson
, D. M.
, 1984
, “Origins and Development of Oxidational Wear at Low Ambient Temperatures
,” Wear
, 94
(2
), pp. 175
–191
.16.
Straffelini
, G.
, Trabucco
, D.
, and Molinari
, A.
, 2001
, “Oxidative Wear of Heat-Treated Steels
,” Wear
, 250
(1–12
), pp. 485
–91
.17.
Miura-Fujiwara
, E.
, Okumura
, T.
, and Yamasaki
, T.
, 2015
, “Frictional and Wear Behavior of Commercially Pure Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb, and SUS316 L Stainless Steel in Artificial Saliva at 310 K
,” Mater. Trans
, 56
(10
), pp. 1648
–1657
.18.
Yao
, B.
, Han
, Z.
, and Lu
, K.
, 2012
, “Correlation Between Wear Resistance and Subsurface Recrystallization Structure in Copper
,” Wear
, S294–295
(3
), pp. 438
–445
.19.
Chen
, X.
, Han
, Z.
, and Lu
, K.
, 2014
, “Wear Mechanism Transition Dominated by Subsurface Recrystallization Structure in Cu–Al Alloys
,” Wear
, 320
(1–2
), pp. 41
–50
.20.
So
, H.
, Chen
, H.
, and Chen
, L.
, 2008
, “Extrusion Wear and Transition of Wear Mechanisms of Steel
,” Wear
, 265
(7–8
), pp. 1142
–1148
.21.
Lim
, S. C.
, and Ashby
, M. F.
, 1987
, “Wear-Mechanism Maps
,” Acta. Metall.
, 35
(1
), pp. 1
–24
.22.
Sullivan
, J. L.
, Quinn
, T. F. J.
, and Rowson
, D. M.
, 1980
, “Developments in the Oxidational Theory of Mild Wear
,” Tribol. Int.
, 13
(4
), pp. 153
–158
.23.
Quinn
, T. F. J.
, 2002
, “The Oxidational Wear of Low Alloy Steels
,” Tribol. Int.
, 35
(11
), pp. 691
–715
.24.
Abouei
, V.
, Saghafian
, H.
, and Kheirandish
, S.
, 2007
, “Effect of Microstructure on the Oxidative Wear Behavior of Plain Carbon Steel
,” Wear
, 262
(9–10
), pp. 1225
–1231
.25.
Wang
, S.
, Wang
, L.
, Zhao
, Y.
, Sun
, Y.
, and Yang
, Z.
, 2013
, “Mild-to-Severe Wear Transition and Transition Region of Oxidative Wear in Steels
,” Wear
, 306
(1–2
), pp. 311
–320
.26.
Fazlalipour
, F.
, Shokuhfar
, A.
, Nushari
, M. N.
, and Shakib
, N.
, 2012
, “Effect of Nitro-Carburizing Treatment on Wear Mechanism and Friction of Steel/WC-Co Sliding Couple
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 134
(1
), pp. 97
–104
.27.
Pan
, R.
, Ren
, R.
, Zhao
, X.
, and Chen
, C.
, 2018
, “Influence of Microstructure Evolution During the Sliding Wear of CL65 Steel
,” Wear
, 400–401
, pp. 169
–176
.28.
Persson
, B. N. J.
, Sivebaek
, I. M.
, Samoilov
, V. N.
, Zhao
, K.
, Volokitin
, A. I.
, and Zhang
, Z. Y.
, 2008
, “On the Origin of Amonton's Friction Law
,” J. Phys. Condens. Mat.
, 20
(39), p. 395006
.29.
Archard
, J. F.
, 2004
, “Contact and Rubbing of Flat Surfaces
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 24
(8
), pp. 981
–988
.30.
Qin
, W.
, Yue
, W.
, and Wang
, C.
, 2018
, “Controllable Wear Behaviors of Silicon Nitride Sliding Against Sintered Polycrystalline Diamond Via Altering Humidity
,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
, 101
(6
), pp. 2506
–2515
.31.
Li
, J.
, Yue
, W.
, Qin
, W.
, Mao
, Q.
, Gao
, B.
, and Li
, Y.
, 2017
, “Effect of Quenching Processes on Microstructures and Tribological Behaviors of Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PCD/WC-Co) in Annealing Treatment
,” Diamond Relat. Mater.
, 79
, pp. 79
–87
.32.
Li
, Y.
, Tao
, N.
, and Lu
, K.
, 2008
, “Microstructural Evolution and Nanostructure Formation in Copper During Dynamic Plastic Deformation at Cryogenic Temperatures
,” Acta. Mater.
, 56
(2
), pp. 230
–241
.33.
Yan
, F.
, Liu
, G.
, Tao
, N.
, and Lu
, K.
, 2012
, “Strength and Ductility of 316 L Austenitic Stainless Steel Strengthened by Nano-Scale Twin Bundles
,” Acta. Mater.
, 60
(3
), pp. 1059
–1071
.34.
Tsakiris
, V.
, and Edmonds
, D. V.
, 1999
, “Martensite and Deformation Twinning in Austenitic Steels
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, S273–275
(99
), pp. 430
–436
.35.
Eskandari
, M.
, Najafizadeh
, A.
, and Kermanpur
, A.
, 2009
, “Effect of Strain-Induced Martensite on the Formation of Nanocrystalline 316 L Stainless Steel After Cold Rolling and Annealing
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A.
, 519
(1–2
), pp. 46
–50
.36.
Talonen
, J.
, 2007
, “Effect of Strain-Induced Α'-Martensite Transformation on Mechanical Properties of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels
,” Appl. Surf. Sci.
, 123
(123
), pp. 339
–342
http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:tkk-009284.37.
Talonen
, J.
, Hänninen
, H.
, Nenonen
, P.
, and Pape
, G.
, 2005
, “Effect of Strain Rate on the Strain-Induced Γ, →α′-Martensite Transformation and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels
,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A
, 36
(2
), pp. 421
–432
.38.
Li
, J. S.
, Cao
, Y.
, Gao
, B.
, Li
, Y. S.
, and Zhu
, Y. T.
, 2018
, “Superior Strength and Ductility of 316l Stainless Steel With Heterogeneous Lamella Structure
,” J. Mater. Sci
, 53
(14
), pp. 10442
–10456
.39.
Krizan
, D.
, and Cooman
, B. C. D.
, 2008
, “Analysis of the Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation of Retained Austenite in Cold Rolled Micro-Alloyed TRIP Steel
,” Steel. Res. Int.
, 79
(7
), pp. 513
–522
.40.
Spencer
, K.
, Embury
, J. D.
, Conlon
, K. T.
, Véron
, M.
, and Bréchet
, Y.
, 2004
, “Strengthening Via the Formation of Strain-Induced Martensite in Stainless Steels
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A.
, S387–389
(6
), pp. 873
–881
.41.
Sun
, H.
, Shi
, Y.
, Zhang
, M.
, and Lu
, K.
, 2007
, “Plastic Strain-Induced Grain Refinement in the Nanometer Scale in a Mg Alloy
,” Acta Mater.
, 55
(3
), pp. 975
–982
.42.
Vojteh
, L.
, Matjaž
, G.
, and Peter
, K.
, 2014
, “Strengthening Via the Formation of Strain-Induced Martensite and the Effects of Laser Marking on the Microstructure of Austenitic Stainless Steel
,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A
, 45
(6
), pp. 2819
–2826
.43.
Grosdidier
, T.
, Zou
, J. X.
, Stein
, N.
, Boulanger
, C.
, Hao
, S. Z.
, and Dong
, C.
, 2008
, “Texture Modification, Grain Refinement and Improved Hardness/Corrosion Balance of a Feal Alloy by Pulsed Electron Beam Surface Treatment in the “Heating Mode”
,” Scr. Mater.
, 58
(12
), pp. 1058
–1061
.44.
Li
, J. S.
, Gao
, W. D.
, Cao
, Y.
, Huang
, Z. W.
, Gao
, B.
, Mao
, Q. Z.
, and Li
, Y. S.
, 2018
, “Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Gradient Nanostructured 316 L Stainless Steel Processed by Rotationally Accelerated Shot Peening
,” Adv. Eng. Mater.
(epub).45.
Bobylev
, S. V.
, and Ovid'Ko
, I. A.
, 2015
, “Anomalous Multiplication of Lattice Dislocations at Grain Boundaries in Nanocrystalline Solids
,” J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys.
, 48
(3
), p. 035302
.46.
Valiev
, R. Z.
, Islamgaliev
, R. K.
, and Alexandrov
, I. V.
, 1999
, “Bulk Nanostructured Materials From Severe Plastic Deformation
,” Prog. Mater. Sci.
, 45
(2
), pp. 103
–189
.47.
Zehetbauer
, M.
, Grössinger
, R.
, Krenn
, H.
, Krystian
, M.
, Pippan
, R.
, Rogl
, P.
, Waitz
, T.
, and Würschum
, R.
, 2010
, “Bulk Nanostructured Functional Materials by Severe Plastic Deformation
,” Adv. Eng. Mater.
, 12
(8
), pp. 692
–700
.48.
Miura
, H.
, Kobayashi
, M.
, Todaka
, Y.
, Watanabe
, C.
, Aoyagi
, Y.
, Sugiura
, N.
, and Yoshinaga
, N.
, 2017
, “Heterogeneous Nanostructure Developed in Heavily Cold-Rolled Stainless Steels and the Specific Mechanical Properties
,” Scr. Mater.
, 133
, pp. 33
–36
.49.
Valiev
, R.
, 2004
, “Nanostructuring of Metals by Severe Plastic Deformation for Advanced Properties
,” Nat. Mater.
, 3
(8
), pp. 511–516
.50.
Chaise
, T.
, and Nélias
, D.
, 2011
, “Contact Pressure and Residual Strain in 3D Elasto-Plastic Rolling Contact for a Circular or Elliptical Point Contact
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 133
(4
), p. 041402
.51.
Martinez-Perez
, M. L.
, Borlado
, C. R.
, Mompean
, F. J.
, Garcia-Hernandez
, M.
, Gil-Sevillano
, J.
, Ruiz-Hervias
, J.
, Atienza
, J. M.
, Elices
, M.
, Peng
, R.
, and Daymond
, M. R.
, 2005
, “Measurement and Modelling of Residual Stresses in Straightened Commercial Eutectoid Steel Rods
,” Acta Mater.
, 53
(16
), pp. 4415
–4425
.52.
Hirsch
, T. K.
, Rocha
, A. D. S.
, and Nunes
, R. M.
, 2014
, “Characterization of Local Residual Stress Inhomogeneities in Combined Wire Drawing Processes of AISI 1045 Steel Bars
,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
, 70
(1–4
), pp. 661
–668
.53.
Bahadur
, A.
, Kumar
, B. R.
, and Chowdhury
, S. G.
, 2013
, “Evaluation of Changes in X-Ray Elastic Constants and Residual Stress as a Function of Cold Rolling of Austenitic Steels
,” Met. Sci. J.
, 20
(3
), pp. 387
–392
.54.
Mairey
, D.
, Sprauel
, J. M.
, Chuard
, M.
, and Mignot
, J.
, 1985
, “Study of Residual Stresses Induced by Sliding Wear
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 107
(2
), pp. 195
–199
.55.
Mao
, M. D.
, and Zhang
, X. C.
, 2017
, “Stability of Residual Stresses in Ultrasonic Surface Deep Rolling Treated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Under Cyclic Loading
,” Appl. Mech. Mater.
, 853
, pp. 173
–177
.56.
Silva
, P. M. D. O.
, Abreu
, H. F. G. D.
, Albuquerque
, V. H. C. D.
, Neto
, P. D. L.
, and Tavares
, J. M. R. S.
, 2011
, “Cold Deformation Effect on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of AISI 301 LN and 316 L Stainless Steels
,” Mater. Des.
, 32
(2
), pp. 605
–614
.Copyright © 2019 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
