... the severity of surface distortions and other surface imperfections would be of great use in the automotive industry. surface appearance defect visibility surface distortion sheet molding compound (SMC) steel curvature measurement curvature analysis automotive body panels Class “A” surfaces...

... of such films. In this study, microscale LSP of copper films on single crystal silicon substrate is investigated. Before and after-process curvature measurement verifies that sizable compressive residual stress can be induced in copper thin films using microscale LSP. Improved modeling work of shock pressure...