Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) for metals is a widely researched, continuously enhanced manufacturing process and is implemented across various industries. However, the AM process exhibits variation that affects the geometric quality of the end product. The effect of process variation on geometric quality is rarely considered during the design stages. In this paper, sources that influence the geometric quality in a metal AM process are reviewed from a robust design perspective and further sorted into control factors and noise factors. A framework for geometric robustness analysis of AM products is presented as an outcome. This framework would facilitate development of methods and tools to produce geometry assured AM products. Also, the prospects of variation simulation to support geometric robustness analysis and the challenges associated with it are discussed.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
Keywords:
robust design,
geometric variation,
geometry assurance,
additive manufacturing,
variation simulation,
design for manufacturing,
process planning
Topics:
Additive manufacturing,
Design,
Geometry,
Manufacturing,
Simulation,
Metals,
Noise factors,
Robustness
References
1.
ASTM
, 2015
, ASTM 52900-15 Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing—General Principles—Terminology
, ASTM International
, West Conshohocken, PA
, 3
(4
), p. 5
.2.
Tack
, P.
, Victor
, J.
, Gemmel
, P.
, and Annemans
, L.
, 2016
, “3D-printing Techniques in a Medical Setting: A Systematic Literature Review
,” Biomed. Eng. Online
, 15
(1
), p. 115
. 10.1186/s12938-016-0236-43.
Ngo
, T. D.
, Kashani
, A.
, Imbalzano
, G.
, Nguyen
, K. T.
, and Hui
, D.
, 2018
, “Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): A Review of Materials, Methods, Applications and Challenges
,” Compos. Part B Eng.
, 143
, pp. 172
–196
. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.0124.
Petrovic
, V.
, Vicente Haro Gonzalez
, J.
, Jordá Ferrando
, O.
, Delgado Gordillo
, J.
, Ramón Blasco Puchades
, J.
, and Portolés Griñan
, L.
, 2011
, “Additive Layered Manufacturing: Sectors of Industrial Application Shown Through Case Studies
,” Int. J. Prod. Res.
, 49
(4
), pp. 1061
–1079
. 10.1080/002075409034797865.
Gebler
, M.
, Uiterkamp
, A. J. S.
, and Visser
, C.
, 2014
, “A Global Sustainability Perspective on 3D Printing Technologies
,” Energy Policy
, 74
, pp. 158
–167
. 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.08.0336.
Thompson
, M. K.
, Moroni
, G.
, Vaneker
, T.
, Fadel
, G.
, Campbell
, R. I.
, Gibson
, I.
, Bernard
, A.
, Schulz
, J.
, Graf
, P.
, Ahuja
, B.
, and Martina
, F.
, 2016
, “Design for Additive Manufacturing: Trends, Opportunities, Considerations, and Constraints
,” CIRP Ann.
, 65
(2
), pp. 737
–760
. 10.1016/j.cirp.2016.05.0047.
FDA
, 2017
, Technical Considerations for Additive Manufactured Medical Devices
, Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff
.8.
ASTM
, 2018
, ISO/ASTM 52910-18 Additive Manufacturing—Design—Requirements, Guidelines and Recommendations
, ASTM International
, West Conshohocken, PA
.9.
Vaneker
, T.
, Bernard
, A.
, Moroni
, G.
, Gibson
, I.
, and Zhang
, Y.
, 2020
, “Design for Additive Manufacturing: Framework and Methodology
,” CIRP Ann.
, 69
(2
), pp. 578
–599
. 10.1016/j.cirp.2020.05.00610.
Yadroitsev
, I.
, Yadroitsava
, I.
, Bertrand
, P.
, and Smurov
, I.
, 2012
, “Factor Analysis of Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters and Geometrical Characteristics of Synthesized Single Tracks
,” Rapid Prototyping J.
, 18
(3
), pp. 201
–208
. 10.1108/1355254121121811711.
Kranz
, J.
, Herzog
, D.
, and Emmelmann
, C.
, 2015
, “Design Guidelines for Laser Additive Manufacturing of Lightweight Structures in TiAl6V4
,” J. Laser Appl.
, 27
(S1
), p. S14001
. 10.2351/1.488523512.
Wang
, D.
, Wu
, S.
, Bai
, Y.
, Lin
, H.
, Yang
, Y.
, and Song
, C.
, 2017
, “Characteristics of Typical Geometrical Features Shaped by Selective Laser Melting
,” J. Laser Appl.
, 29
(2
), p. 022007
. 10.2351/1.498016413.
Chahal
, V.
, and Taylor
, R. M.
, 2020
, “A Review of Geometric Sensitivities in Laser Metal 3D Printing
,” Virtual Phys. Prototyping
, 15
(2
), pp. 227
–241
. 10.1080/17452759.2019.170925514.
Chowdhury
, S.
, Mhapsekar
, K.
, and Anand
, S.
, 2018
, “Part Build Orientation Optimization and Neural Network-Based Geometry Compensation for Additive Manufacturing Process
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 140
(3
), p. 031009
. 10.1115/1.403829315.
McConaha
, M.
, and Anand
, S.
, 2020
, “Additive Manufacturing Distortion Compensation Based on Scan Data of Built Geometry
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 142
(6
), p. 061001
. 10.1115/1.404650516.
Yadroitsava
, I.
, Grewar
, S.
, Hattingh
, D.
, and Yadroitsev
, I.
, 2015
, Materials Science Forum
, H. K.
Chikwanda
and S.
Chikosha
, Vol. 828
, Trans Tech Publications
, Switzerland
, pp. 305
–310
.17.
Phadke
, M. S.
, 1989
, Quality Engineering Using Robust Design
, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
.18.
Adam
, G. A.
, and Zimmer
, D.
, 2014
, “Design for Additive Manufacturing—Element Transitions and Aggregated Structures
,” CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol.
, 7
(1
), pp. 20
–28
. 10.1016/j.cirpj.2013.10.00119.
Fotovvati
, B.
, and Asadi
, E.
, 2019
, “Size Effects on Geometrical Accuracy for Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V ELI Parts
,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
, 104
(5–8
), pp. 2951
–2959
. 10.1007/s00170-019-04184-120.
Sufiiarov
, V. S.
, Popovich
, A.
, Borisov
, E.
, Polozov
, I.
, Masaylo
, D.
, and Orlov
, A.
, 2017
, “The Effect of Layer Thickness at Selective Laser Melting
,” Procedia Eng.
, 174
, pp. 126
–134
. 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.17921.
Snyder
, J. C.
, Stimpson
, C. K.
, Thole
, K. A.
, and Mongillo
, D.
, 2016
, “Build Direction Effects on Additively Manufactured Channels
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 138
(5
), p. 051006
. 10.1115/1.403216822.
Snyder
, J. C.
, and Thole
, K. A.
, 2019
, “Effect of Additive Manufacturing Process Parameters on Turbine Cooling
,” ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition
, Phoenix, AZ
, June 17–21
.23.
Paul
, R.
, and Anand
, S.
, 2015
, “Optimization of Layered Manufacturing Process for Reducing Form Errors With Minimal Support Structures
,” J. Manuf. Syst.
, 36
, pp. 231
–243
. 10.1016/j.jmsy.2014.06.01424.
Hussein
, A.
, Hao
, L.
, Yan
, C.
, Everson
, R.
, and Young
, P.
, 2013
, “Advanced Lattice Support Structures for Metal Additive Manufacturing
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 213
(7
), pp. 1019
–1026
. 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.01.02025.
Gaynor
, A. T.
, and Guest
, J. K.
, 2016
, “Topology Optimization Considering Overhang Constraints: Eliminating Sacrificial Support Material in Additive Manufacturing Through Design
,” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim.
, 54
(5
), pp. 1157
–1172
. 10.1007/s00158-016-1551-x26.
Jiang
, J.
, Xu
, X.
, and Stringer
, J.
, 2018
, “Support Structures for Additive Manufacturing: A Review
,” J. Manuf. Mater. Process.
, 2
(4
), p. 64
. 10.3390/jmmp204006427.
Vaidya
, R.
, and Anand
, S.
, 2016
, “Optimum Support Structure Generation for Additive Manufacturing Using Unit Cell Structures and Support Removal Constraint
,” Procedia Manuf.
, 5
, pp. 1043
–1059
. 10.1016/j.promfg.2016.08.07228.
Cooper
, K.
, Steele
, P.
, Cheng
, B.
, and Chou
, K.
, 2018
, “Contact-Free Support Structures for Part Overhangs in Powder-Bed Metal Additive Manufacturing
,” Inventions
, 3
(1
), p. 2
. 10.3390/inventions301000229.
Cloots
, M.
, Spierings
, A.
, and Wegener
, K.
, 2013
, “Assessing New Support Minimizing Strategies for the Additive Manufacturing Technology SLM
,” Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (SFF)
, Austin, TX
, Aug.
, pp. 12
–14
.30.
Gan
, M. X.
, and Wong
, C. H.
, 2016
, “Practical Support Structures for Selective Laser Melting
,” J. Mater. Process. Technol.
, 238
, pp. 474
–484
. 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.08.00631.
Robinson
, J.
, Ashton
, I.
, Fox
, P.
, Jones
, E.
, and Sutcliffe
, C.
, 2018
, “Determination of the Effect of Scan Strategy on Residual Stress in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 23
, pp. 13
–24
. 10.1016/j.addma.2018.07.00132.
Zaeh
, M. F.
, and Branner
, G.
, 2010
, “Investigations on Residual Stresses and Deformations in Selective Laser Melting
,” Prod. Eng.
, 4
(1
), pp. 35
–45
. 10.1007/s11740-009-0192-y33.
Robinson
, J. H.
, Ashton
, I. R. T.
, Jones
, E.
, Fox
, P.
, and Sutcliffe
, C.
, 2019
, “The Effect of Hatch Angle Rotation on Parts Manufactured Using Selective Laser Melting
,” Rapid Prototyping J.
, 25
(2
), pp. 289
–298
. 10.1108/RPJ-06-2017-011134.
Kruth
, J.-P.
, Badrossamay
, M.
, Yasa
, E.
, Deckers
, J.
, Thijs
, L.
, and Van Humbeeck
, J.
, 2010
, “Part and Material Properties in Selective Laser Melting of Metals
,” Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Electromachining
, Shanghai, China
, Apr. 19–23
, pp. 3
–14
.35.
Parry
, L.
, Ashcroft
, I.
, and Wildman
, R. D.
, 2016
, “Understanding the Effect of Laser Scan Strategy on Residual Stress in Selective Laser Melting Through Thermo-Mechanical Simulation
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 12
, pp. 1
–15
. 10.1016/j.addma.2016.05.01436.
Ali
, H.
, Ghadbeigi
, H.
, and Mumtaz
, K.
, 2018
, “Effect of Scanning Strategies on Residual Stress and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted Ti6Al4V
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 712
, pp. 175
–187
. 10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.10337.
Xia
, M.
, Gu
, D.
, Yu
, G.
, Dai
, D.
, Chen
, H.
, and Shi
, Q.
, 2016
, “Influence of Hatch Spacing on Heat and Mass Transfer, Thermodynamics and Laser Processability During Additive Manufacturing of Inconel 718 Alloy
,” Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.
, 109
, pp. 147
–157
. 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2016.07.01038.
Mukherjee
, T.
, Wei
, H.
, De
, A.
, and DebRoy
, T.
, 2018
, “Heat and Fluid Flow in Additive Manufacturing–Part ii: Powder Bed Fusion of Stainless Steel, and Titanium, Nickel and Aluminum Base Alloys
,” Comput. Mater. Sci.
, 150
, pp. 369
–380
. 10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.04.02739.
Louw
, D. F.
, and Pistorius
, P.
, 2019
, “The Effect of Scan Speed and Hatch Distance on Prior-Beta Grain Size in Laser Powder Bed Fused Ti-6Al-4V
,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
, 103
(5–8
), pp. 2277
–2286
. 10.1007/s00170-019-03719-w40.
Jacob
, G.
, Brown
, C. U.
, and Donmez
, A.
, 2018
, The Influence of Spreading Metal Powders With Different Particle Size Distributions on the Powder Bed Density in Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion Processes
, US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology
.41.
Murgau
, C. C.
, 2016
, “Microstructure Model for Ti-6Al-4V Used in Simulation of Additive Manufacturing
,” Ph.D. thesis, Doctoral thesis
, Lulea University of Technology
.42.
Tan
, J. H.
, Wong
, W. L. E.
, and Dalgarno
, K. W.
, 2017
, “An Overview of Powder Granulometry on Feedstock and Part Performance in the Selective Laser Melting Process
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 18
, pp. 228
–255
. 10.1016/j.addma.2017.10.01143.
Slotwinski
, J. A.
, Garboczi
, E. J.
, Stutzman
, P. E.
, Ferraris
, C. F.
, Watson
, S. S.
, and Peltz
, M. A.
, 2014
, “Characterization of Metal Powders Used for Additive Manufacturing
,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.
, 119
, p. 460
. 10.6028/jres.119.01844.
Tang
, H.
, Qian
, M.
, Liu
, N.
, Zhang
, X.
, Yang
, G.
, and Wang
, J.
, 2015
, “Effect of Powder Reuse Times on Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V by Selective Electron Beam Melting
,” JOM
, 67
(3
), pp. 555
–563
. 10.1007/s11837-015-1300-445.
Ladewig
, A.
, Schlick
, G.
, Fisser
, M.
, Schulze
, V.
, and Glatzel
, U.
, 2016
, “Influence of the Shielding Gas Flow on the Removal of Process By-Products in the Selective Laser Melting Process
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 10
, pp. 1
–9
. 10.1016/j.addma.2016.01.00446.
Maragowdanahalli Somasundar
, A.
, and Paul
, D.
, 2019
, Examensarbeten för Masterexamen, Master Theses (IMS), Chalmers tekniska högskola, Institutionen för industri- och materialvetenskap
.47.
Praniewicz
, M.
, Kurfess
, T.
, and Saldana
, C.
, 2019
, “An Adaptive Geometry Transformation and Repair Method for Hybrid Manufacturing
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 141
(1
), p. 011006
. 10.1115/1.404157048.
Lorin
, S.
, Forslund
, K.
, and Soderberg
, R.
, 2010
, “Investigating the Role of Simulation for Robust Plastic Design
,” DS 61: Proceedings of NordDesign 2010, the 8th International NordDesign Conference
, Göteborg, Sweden
, Aug. 25–27, 2010
, pp. 185
–194
.49.
Liu
, S. C.
, and Hu
, S. J.
, 1997
, “Variation Simulation for Deformable Sheet Metal Assemblies Using Finite Element Methods
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 119
(3
), pp. 368
–374
. 10.1115/1.283111550.
Soderberg
, R.
, and Lindkvist
, L.
, 1999
, “Computer Aided Assembly Robustness Evaluation
,” J. Eng. Des.
, 10
(2
), pp. 165
–181
. 10.1080/09544829926137151.
Soderberg
, R.
, Wickman
, C.
, and Lindkvist
, L.
, 2008
, “Improving Decision Making by Simulating and Visualizing Geometrical Variation in Non-Rigid Assemblies
,” CIRP Ann.
, 57
(1
), pp. 175
–178
. 10.1016/j.cirp.2008.03.04052.
Amphyon
, 2020
, Accessed April 27, 2020.53.
Simufact
, https://www.mscsoftware.com/Simufact-Additive/Introduction, Accessed April 27, 2020.54.
Ansys Additive
, https://www.ansys.com/products/structures/ansys-additive-print, Accessed April 27, 2020.55.
Netfabb
. https://www.autodesk.com/products/netfabb/overview?plc=NETFA&term=1-YEAR&support=ADVANCED&quantity=1, Accessed April 27, 2020.56.
Simcenter 3D AM process simulation
, https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/global/en/our-story/newsroom/siemens-introduces-additive-manufacturing-process-simulation/53626, Accessed April 29, 2020.57.
GENOA 3DP
, http://www.alphastarcorp.com/products/genoa-3dp-simulation/, Accessed April 29, 2020.58.
3DCS
, https://www.3dcs.com/tolerance-analysis-software-and-spc-systems/3dcs-software, Accessed April 29, 2020.59.
Sigmund
, https://www.varatech.com/solutions-standalone.html, Accessed April 29, 2020.60.
Cetol6-sigma
, https://www.sigmetrix.com/products/cetol-tolerance-analysis-software/, Accessed April 29, 2020.61.
Tecnomatix
, https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/global/en/products/manufacturing-planning/dimensional-quality.html, Accessed April 29, 2020.62.
RD&T
, http://www.rdnt.se/, Accessed April 29, 2020.63.
TolAnalyst
, https://www.javelin-tech.com/3d/tolanalyst/, Accessed April 29, 2020.64.
Creo EZ tolerance analysis
, https://www.ptc.com/en/products/cad/creo/simulation-products/tolerance-analysis, Accessed April 29, 2020.65.
66.
Alvarez
, P.
, Ecenarro
, J.
, Setien
, I.
, Sebastian
, M.
, Echeverria
, A.
, and Eciolaza
, L.
, 2016
, “Computationally Efficient Distortion Prediction in Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Sci.
, 2
(10
), pp. 39
–46
.67.
Denlinger
, E. R.
, Gouge
, M.
, Irwin
, J.
, and Michaleris
, P.
, 2017
, “Thermomechanical Model Development and In Situ Experimental Validation of the Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Process
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 16
, pp. 73
–80
. 10.1016/j.addma.2017.05.00168.
Afazov
, S.
, Denmark
, W. A.
, Toralles
, B. L.
, Holloway
, A.
, and Yaghi
, A.
, 2017
, “Distortion Prediction and Compensation in Selective Laser Melting
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 17
, pp. 15
–22
. 10.1016/j.addma.2017.07.00569.
Li
, Y.
, Zhou
, K.
, Tan
, P.
, Tor
, S. B.
, Chua
, C. K.
, and Leong
, K. F.
, 2018
, “Modeling Temperature and Residual Stress Fields in Selective Laser Melting
,” Int. J. Mech. Sci.
, 136
, pp. 24
–35
. 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.12.00170.
Li
, C.
, Guo
, Y.
, Fang
, X.
, and Fang
, F.
, 2018
, “A Scalable Predictive Model and Validation for Residual Stress and Distortion in Selective Laser Melting
,” CIRP Ann.
, 67
(1
), pp. 249
–252
. 10.1016/j.cirp.2018.04.10571.
Tawfik
, S. M.
, Nasr
, M. N.
, and El Gamal
, H. A.
, 2019
, “Finite Element Modelling for Part Distortion Calculation in Selective Laser Melting
,” Alexandria Eng. J.
, 58
(1
), pp. 67
–74
. 10.1016/j.aej.2018.12.01072.
Xu
, L.
, Huang
, Q.
, Sabbaghi
, A.
, and Dasgupta
, T.
, 2013
, “Shape Deviation Modeling for Dimensional Quality Control in Additive Manufacturing
,” ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition
, San Diego, CA
, Nov. 15–21
.73.
Huang
, Q.
, Nouri
, H.
, Xu
, K.
, Chen
, Y.
, Sosina
, S.
, and Dasgupta
, T.
, 2014
, “Statistical Predictive Modeling and Compensation of Geometric Deviations of Three-Dimensional Printed Products
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 136
(6
), p. 061008
. 10.1115/1.402851074.
Huang
, Q.
, Nouri
, H.
, Xu
, K.
, Chen
, Y.
, Sosina
, S.
, and Dasgupta
, T.
, 2014
, “Predictive Modeling of Geometric Deviations of 3D Printed Products-a Unified Modeling Approach for Cylindrical and Polygon Shapes
,” 2014 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)
, Taipei, Taiwan
, Aug. 18–22
, pp. 25
–30
.75.
Anwer
, N.
, Schleich
, B.
, Mathieu
, L.
, and Wartzack
, S.
, 2014
, “From Solid Modelling to Skin Model Shapes: Shifting Paradigms in Computer-Aided Tolerancing
,” CIRP Ann.
, 63
(1
), pp. 137
–140
. 10.1016/j.cirp.2014.03.10376.
Dantan
, J.-Y.
, Huang
, Z.
, Goka
, E.
, Homri
, L.
, Etienne
, A.
, Bonnet
, N.
, and Rivette
, M.
, 2017
, “Geometrical Variations Management for Additive Manufactured Product
,” CIRP Ann.
, 66
(1
), pp. 161
–164
. 10.1016/j.cirp.2017.04.03477.
Zhu
, Z.
, Anwer
, N.
, and Mathieu
, L.
, 2019
, “Statistical Modal Analysis for Out-of-Plane Deviation Prediction in Additive Manufacturing Based on Finite Element Simulation
,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.
, 141
(11
), p. 111011
. 10.1115/1.404483778.
Bhate
, D.
, 2016
, https://www.padtinc.com/blog/the-additive-manufacturing-software-conundrum/, Accessed April 27, 2020.79.
Keane
, P.
, 2018
, https://www.engineering.com/DesignSoftware/DesignSoftwareArticles/ArticleID/17591/3D-Printing-Simulation-Part-1-Where-Are-We-Now.aspx, Accessed April 29, 2020.80.
Bugatti
, M.
, and Semeraro
, Q.
, 2018
, “Limitations of the Inherent Strain Method in Simulating Powder Bed Fusion Processes
,” Addit. Manuf.
, 23
, pp. 329
–346
. 10.1016/j.addma.2018.05.04181.
Bikas
, H.
, Stavropoulos
, P.
, and Chryssolouris
, G.
, 2016
, “Additive Manufacturing Methods and Modelling Approaches: A Critical Review
,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
, 83
(1–4
), pp. 389
–405
. 10.1007/s00170-015-7576-282.
Schoinochoritis
, B.
, Chantzis
, D.
, and Salonitis
, K.
, 2017
, “Simulation of Metallic Powder Bed Additive Manufacturing Processes With the Finite Element Method: A Critical Review
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. B
, 231
(1
), pp. 96
–117
. 10.1177/095440541456752283.
Stavropoulos
, P.
, and Foteinopoulos
, P.
, 2018
, “Modelling of Additive Manufacturing Processes: A Review and Classification
,” Manuf. Rev.
, 5
, p. 2
. 10.1051/mfreview/201701484.
Liu
, J.
, Jalalahmadi
, B.
, Guo
, Y.
, Sealy
, M. P.
, and Bolander
, N.
, 2018
, “A Review of Computational Modeling in Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing for Metallic Part Qualification
,” Rapid Prototyping J.
, 24
(8
), pp. 1245
–1264
. 10.1108/rpj-04-2017-005885.
Wiberg
, A.
, Persson
, J.
, and Olvander
, J.
, 2019
, “Design for Additive Manufacturing—A Review of Available Design Methods and Software
,” Rapid Prototyping J.
, 25
(6
), pp. 1080
–1094
. 10.1108/rpj-10-2018-026286.
Kamal
, M.
, and Rizza
, G.
, 2019
, “Design for Metal Additive Manufacturing for Aerospace Applications,” Additive Manufacturing for the Aerospace Industry
, Elsevier
, New York
, pp. 67
–86
.87.
Zuowei
, Z.
, Keimasi
, S.
, Anwer
, N.
, Mathieu
, L.
, and Lihong
, Q.
, 2017
, “Review of Shape Deviation Modeling for Additive Manufacturing,” Advances on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Manufacturing
, Springer
, New York
, pp. 241
–250
.Copyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
