... = resistance (Ω) Ra = Rayleigh number S = standard deviation SEM = scanning electron microscope SSE = sum of squared errors SSR = residual sum of squares SST = total sum of squares t = time (s) T = temperature (K) THWM = transient hot-wire method...

... may be an artifact of the experimental methodology. In the current investigation, Al 2 O 3 ∕water nanofluids with normal diameters of 47 nm at different volume fractions (0.5%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) have been investigated, using two different methodologies: a transient hot-wire method and a steady-state cut...