Abstract
The aim of this work is to optimize the drying process through the reduction of energy consumption and the improvement of the dried product quality using tempering or intermittent drying. The effectiveness of intermittent drying was evaluated by the determination of the sensible, latent, and total energies necessary to perform the drying process. The obtained results show that tempering drying is more effective than continuous drying. This effectiveness was evaluated by the energy consumption. A reduction of energy consumption varying from 13% to 67% was achieved. The drying time, energy consumption, and product quality were improved when using temporary drying. The decrease of the gradient of moisture content in the material during the period of no heating is considered as the main factor that increases the rate of moisture removal when the heating is resumed.
Issue Section:
Heat and Mass Transfer
References
1.
Golmohammadi
,
M.
,
Assar
,
M.
,
Rajabi-Hamaneh
,
M.
, and
Hashemi
,
S. J.
, 2015
, “
Energy Efficiency Investigation of Intermittent Paddy Rice Dryer: Modeling and Experimental Study
,” Food Bioprod. Process.
,
94
, pp. 275
–283
.10.1016/j.fbp.2014.03.0042.
Mujumdar
,
A. S.
, 2014
, Handbook of Industrial Drying
,
CRC Press
,
Boca Raton, FL
.3.
Pham
,
N. D.
,
Khan
,
M. I. H.
, and
Karim
,
M. A.
, 2020
, “
A Mathematical Model for Predicting the Transport Process and Quality Changes During Intermittent Microwave Convective Drying
,” Food Chem.
,
325
, p. 126932
.10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.1269324.
Khan
,
M. I. H.
,
Kumar
,
C.
,
Joardder
,
M. U. H.
, and
Karim
,
M. A.
, 2017
, “
Determination of Appropriate Effective Diffusivity for Different Food Materials
,” Drying Technol.
,
35
(3
), pp. 335
–346
.10.1080/07373937.2016.11707005.
Majdi
,
H.
, and
Esfahani
,
J. A.
, 2018
, “
Energy Consumption and Drying Time Optimization of Convective Drying for Performance Improvement: Response Surface Methodology and Lattice Boltzmann Method
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer-Trans. ASME
,
140
(10
), p. 102009
.https://doi.org/10.1115/1.40402596.
da Silva
,
W. P.
,
da Silva e Silva
,
C. M. D. P.
,
de Farias Aires
,
J. E.
, and
da Silva Junior
,
A. F.
, 2014
, “
Osmotic Dehydration and Convective Drying of Coconut Slices: Experimental Determination and Description Using One-Dimensional Diffusion Model
,” J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci.
,
13
(2
), pp. 162
–168
.10.1016/j.jssas.2013.05.0027.
Kowalski
,
S. J.
, and
Szadzińska
,
J.
, 2014
, “
Convective-Intermittent Drying of Cherries Preceded by Ultrasonic Assisted Osmotic Dehydration
,” Chem. Eng. Process.
,
82
, pp. 65
–70
.10.1016/j.cep.2014.05.0068.
Pan
,
Y. K.
,
Zhao
,
L. J.
,
Dong
,
Z. X.
,
Mujumdar
,
A. S.
, and
Kudra
,
T.
, 1999
, “
Intermittent Drying of Carrot in a Vibrated Fluid Bed: Effect on Product Quality
,” Drying Technol
,.,
17
(10
), pp. 2323
–2340
.10.1080/073739399089176869.
Jiang
,
Y.
,
Jin
,
X.
, and
Chen
,
X. D.
, 2022
, “
Characterization of Moisture Transfer During Intermittent Drying Process for Broccoli From LF-NMR Experiments
,” Drying Technol.
,
40
(1
), pp. 127
–139
.10.1080/07373937.2020.177172510.
Brito
,
R. C.
,
Béttega
,
R.
, and
Freire
,
J. T.
, 2019
, “
Energy Analysis of Intermittent Drying in the Spouted Bed
,” Drying Technol.
,
37
(12
), pp. 1498
–1510
.10.1080/07373937.2018.151250311.
Vorhauer
,
N.
,
Tretau
,
A.
,
Bück
,
A.
, and
Prat
,
M.
, 2019
, “
Microwave Drying of Wet Clay With Intermittent Heating
,” Drying Technol.
,
37
(5
), pp. 664
–678
.10.1080/07373937.2018.154774012.
Hammouda
,
I.
, and
Mihoubi
,
D.
, 2014
, “
Comparative Numerical Study of Kaolin Clay With Three Drying Methods: Convective, Convective-Microwave and Convective Infrared Modes
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
,
87
, pp. 832
–839
.10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.08513.
Itaya
,
Y.
,
Uchiyama
,
S.
,
Hatano
,
S.
, and
Mori
,
S.
, 2005
, “
Drying Enhancement of Clay Slab by Microwave Heating
,” Drying Technol.
,
23
(6
), pp. 1243
–1255
.10.1081/DRT-20005948714.
Manel
,
B. A.
,
Mihoubi
,
D.
,
Jalila
,
S.
, and
Ahmed
,
B.
, 2014
, “
Strain-Stress Formation During Stationary and Intermittent Drying of Deformable Media
,” Drying Technol.
,
32
(10
), pp. 1245
–1255
.10.1080/07373937.2014.89924615.
Kowalski
,
S. J.
, and
PawŁowski
,
A.
, 2011
, “
Intermittent Drying of Initially Saturated Porous Materials
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
,
66
(9
), pp. 1893
–1905
.10.1016/j.ces.2011.01.04416.
Kowalski
,
S. J.
, and
Pawłowski
,
A.
, 2010
, “
Drying of Wet Materials in Intermittent Conditions
,” Drying Technol.
,
28
(5
), pp. 636
–643
.10.1080/0737393100378871817.
Kowalski
,
S. J.
, and
Pawłowski
,
A.
, 2010
, “
Drying of Wood With Air of Variable Parameters
,” Chem. Process Eng.
,
31
(1
), pp. 135
–147
.http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BGP K-2714-026818.
Kowalski
,
S. J.
, and
Szadzińska
,
J.
, 2012
, “
Non-Stationary Drying of Ceramic-Like Materials Controlled Through Acoustic Emission Method
,” Heat Mass Transfer
,
48
(12
), pp. 2023
–2032
.10.1007/s00231-012-1042-619.
Kumar
,
C.
,
Karim
,
M. A.
, and
Joardder
,
M. U. H.
, 2014
, “
Intermittent Drying of Food Products: A Critical Review
,” J. Food Eng.
,
121
(1
), pp. 48
–57
.10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.08.01420.
Chua
,
K. J.
,
Mujumdar
,
A. S.
, and
Chou
,
S. K.
, 2003
, “
Intermittent Drying of Bioproducts - An Overview
,” Bioresour. Technol.
,
90
(3
), pp. 285
–295
.10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00133-021.
Franco
,
C. M. R.
,
de Lima
,
A. G. B.
,
Farias
,
V. S. O.
, and
da Silva
,
W. P.
, 2020
, “
Modeling and Experimentation of Continuous and Intermittent Drying of Rough Rice Grains
,” Heat Mass Transfer
,
56
(3
), pp. 1003
–1014
.10.1007/s00231-019-02773-022.
Heydari
,
M.
,
Khalili
,
K.
, and
Ahmadi-Brooghani
,
Y.
, 2020
, “
Influence of Convective Intermittent Drying Schemes on Drying Induced Stress–Strain of a 3D Clay Object
,” AiChe J.
,
66
(11
), p. e16985.10.1002/aic.1698523.
Yu
,
X.-L.
,
Zielinska
,
M.
,
Ju
,
H.-Y.
,
Mujumdar
,
A. S.
,
Duan
,
X.
,
Gao
,
Z.-J.
, and
Xiao
,
H.-W.
, 2020
, “
Multistage Relative Humidity Control Strategy Enhances Energy and Exergy Efficiency of Convective Drying of Carrot Cubes
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
,
149
, p. 119231
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.11923124.
Defraeye
,
T.
, 2016
, “
Towards More Efficient Intermittent Drying of Fruit: Insights From Combined Hygrothermal-Quality Modelling
,” Innov. Food Sci. Emer. Technol.
,
38
, pp. 262
–271
.10.1016/j.ifset.2016.10.00325.
Kowalski
,
S. J.
, and
Pawlowski
,
A.
, 2011
, “
Intermittent Drying: Energy Expenditure and Product Quality
,” Chem. Eng. Technol.
,
34
(7
), pp. 1123
–1129
.10.1002/ceat.20110002526.
Mihoubi
,
D.
, and
Bellagi
,
A.
, 2008
, “
Two-Dimensional Heat and Mass Transfer During Drying of Deformable Media
,” Appl. Math. Model.
,
32
(3
), pp. 303
–314
.10.1016/j.apm.2006.12.00327.
Zagrouba
,
F.
,
Mihoubi
,
D.
, and
Bellagi
,
A.
, 2002
, “
Drying of Clay. II: Rheological Modelisation and Simulation of Physical Phenomena
,” Drying Technol.
,
20
(10
), pp. 1895
–1917
.10.1081/DRT-12001557528.
Mihoubi
,
D.
,
Zagrouba
,
F.
,
Vaxelaire
,
J.
,
Bellagi
,
A.
, and
Roques
,
M.
, 2004
, “
Transfer Phenomena During the Drying of a Shrinkable Product: Modelling and Simulations
,” Drying Technol.
,
22
(1–2
), pp. 91
–109
.10.1081/DRT-12002821629.
Fakhfakh
,
R.
,
Mihoubi
,
D.
, and
Kechaou
,
N.
, 2018
, “
Numerical Modeling Assessment of Mechanical Effect in Bovine Leather Drying Process
,” Drying Technol.
,
36
(11
), pp. 1313
–1325
.10.1080/07373937.2017.140202330.
Mihoubi
,
D.
, and
Bellagi
,
A.
, 2009
, “
Stress Generated During Drying of Saturated Porous Media
,” Transp. Porous Media
,
80
(3
), pp. 519
–536
.10.1007/s11242-009-9378-131.
Whitaker
,
S.
, 1972
, Fundamental Principles of Heat Transfer
, Pergamon, Oxford, UK.32.
Hasatani
,
M.
,
Itaya
,
Y.
, and
Hayakawa
,
K.-i.
, 1992
, “
Fundamental Study on Shrinkage of Formed Clay During Drying. Viscoelastic Strain-Stress and Heat/Moisture Transfer
,” Drying Technol.
,
10
(4
), pp. 1013
–1036
.10.1080/0737393920891649333.
Mihoubi
,
D.
, 2004
, “Deshydratation d'argiles par compression et séchage. Aspects de modélisation et de simulation,” Ph. D. Thesis,
Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour
, France.34.
Banaszak
,
J.
, and
Kowalski
,
S. J.
, 2002
, “
Drying Induced Stresses Estimated on the Base of Elastic and Viscoelastic Models
,” Chem. Eng. J.
,
86
(1–2
), pp. 139
–143
.10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00281-935.
Timoumi
,
S.
,
Mihoubi
,
D.
, and
Zagrouba
,
F.
, 2019
, “
Modelling of Moisture Content, β-Carotene and Deformation Variation During Drying of Carrot
,” Int. J. Food Eng.
,
15
(7
), p. 20180155.10.1515/ijfe-2018-015536.
Hammouda
,
I.
, and
Mihoubi
,
D.
, 2014
, “
Modeling of Thermo-Hydro-Viscoelastic Behavior of a Partially Saturated Ceramic Material During Drying
,” Drying Technol.
,
32
(10
), pp. 1219
–1230
.10.1080/07373937.2014.89500937.
Hammouda
,
I.
, and
Mihoubi
,
D.
, 2014
, “
Modelling of Drying Induced Stress of Clay: Elastic and Viscoelastic Behaviours
,” Mech. Time-Depend. Mater.
,
18
(1
), pp. 97
–111
.10.1007/s11043-013-9216-238.
Mihoubi
,
D.
, and
Bellagi
,
A.
, 2009
, “
Drying-Induced Stresses During Convective and Combined Microwave and Convective Drying of Saturated Porous Media
,” Drying Technol.
,
27
(7–8
), pp. 851
–856
.10.1080/0737393090298812239.
da Silva
,
W. P.
,
Rodrigues
,
A. F.
,
Silva
,
CMDPSe.
, and
Gomes
,
J. P.
, 2017
, “
Numerical Approach to Describe Continuous and Intermittent Drying Including the Tempering Period: Kinetics and Spatial Distribution of Moisture
,” Drying Technol.
,
35
(3
), pp. 272
–280
.10.1080/07373937.2016.117231640.
Zhu
,
Z.
,
Yang
,
Z.
, and
Wang
,
F.
, 2016
, “
Experimental Research on Intermittent Heat Pump Drying With Constant and Time-Variant Intermittency Ratio
,” Drying Technol.
,
34
(13
), pp. 1630
–1640
.10.1080/07373937.2016.113896641.
da Silva
,
W. P.
,
Galvão
,
I. B.
,
e Silva
,
C. M. D. P. S.
,
de Farias Aires
,
J. E.
, and
de Figueirêdo
,
R. M. F.
, 2020
, “
Empirical Model for Describing Continuous and Intermittent Drying Kinetics of Apple Pieces
,” Heat Mass Transfer
,
56
(4
), pp. 1263
–1274
.10.1007/s00231-019-02785-w42.
Huinink
,
H. P.
,
Pel
,
L.
,
Michels
,
M. A. J.
, and
Prat
,
M.
, 2002
, “
Drying Processes in the Presence of Temperature Gradients –Pore-Scale Modelling
,” Eur. Phys. J. E
,
9
(S1
), pp. 487
–498
.10.1140/epje/i2002-10106-143.
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Zhu
,
H.
,
Wu
,
W.
,
Li
,
J.
, and
Yin
,
L.
, 2012
, “
Internal Stress Analysis on Corn Grain During Vacuum Drying
,” Sensor Lett.
,
10
(1
), pp. 574
–579
.10.1166/sl.2012.183944.
Zhao
,
Y.
,
Huang
,
K.
,
Chen
,
X. F.
,
Wang
,
F. H.
,
Chen
,
P. X.
,
Tu
,
G.
, and
Yang
,
D. Y.
, 2018
, “
Tempering-Drying Simulation and Experimental Analysis of Corn Kernel
,” Int. J. Food Eng.
,
14
(1
), p. 20170217.10.1515/ijfe-2017-021745.
Li
,
Y. B.
,
Cao
,
C. W.
,
Yu
,
Q. L.
, and
Zhong
,
Q. X.
, 1998
, “
Study on Rough Rice Fissuring During Intermittent Drying
,” Drying Technol.
, 17(9
), pp. 1779
–1793
.10.1080/0737393990891765246.
Filippin
,
A. P.
,
Filho
,
L. M.
,
Fadel
,
V.
, and
Mauro
,
M. A.
, 2018
, “
Thermal Intermittent Drying of Apples and Its Effects on Energy Consumption
,” Drying Technol.
,
36
(14
), pp. 1662
–1677
.10.1080/07373937.2017.142154947.
Thakur
,
A. K.
, and
Gupta
,
A. K.
, 2006
, “
Two Stage Drying of High Moisture Paddy With Intervening Rest Period
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
,
47
(18–19
), pp. 3069
–3083
.10.1016/j.enconman.2006.03.00848.
Silva
,
V.
,
Costa
,
J. J.
,
Figueiredo
,
A. R.
,
Nunes
,
J.
,
Nunes
,
C.
,
Ribeiro
,
T. I. B.
, and
Pereira
,
B.
, 2016
, “
Study of Three-Stage Intermittent Drying of Pears Considering Shrinkage and Variable Diffusion Coefficient
,” J. Food Eng.
,
180
, pp. 77
–86
.10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.02.013Copyright © 2022 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
