... 2020 spark-ignition engine biogas compression ratio variation operational limits pre-ignition cycle-to-cycle variations A continuous increase in the utilization of internal-combustion engines for both transportation and stationary applications has raised energy security...

...@mtu.edu e-mail:  jnaber@mtu.edu 16 02 2019 23 08 2019 03 02 2020 binarized image cycle-to-cycle variations intensity image optical engine Flow and flame visualization result from the interaction between light and matter. Classical methods such as shadowgraphy...

.... In regard of characteristics of the four flow field parts, first, the mean part represents the bulk flow motion and contains the most kinetic energy of the entire flow field. The cycle-to-cycle variations of this part could be almost ignorable, implying that this part can be seen as an equivalence...