Crackle noise from heated supersonic jets is characterized by the presence of strong positive pressure impulses resulting in a strongly skewed far-field pressure signal. These strong positive pressure impulses are associated with N-shaped waveforms involving a shocklike compression and, thus, is very annoying to observers when it occurs. Unlike broadband shock-associated noise which dominates at upstream angles, crackle reaches a maximum at downstream angles associated with the peak jet noise directivity. Recent experiments (Martens et al., 2011, “The Effect of Chevrons on Crackle—Engine and Scale Model Results,” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo, Paper No. GT2011-46417) have shown that the addition of chevrons to the nozzle lip can significantly reduce crackle, especially in full-scale high-power tests. Because of these observations, it was conjectured that crackle is associated with coherent large scale flow structures produced by the baseline nozzle and that the formation of these structures are interrupted by the presence of the chevrons, which leads to noise reduction. In particular, shocklets attached to large eddies are postulated as a possible aerodynamic mechanism for the formation of crackle. In this paper, we test this hypothesis through a high-fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES) of a hot supersonic jet of Mach number 1.56 and a total temperature ratio of 3.65. We use the LES solver CHARLES developed by Cascade Technologies, Inc., to capture the turbulent jet plume on fully-unstructured meshes.
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Crackle Noise in Heated Supersonic Jets
Joseph W. Nichols,
Joseph W. Nichols
1
e-mail: jwn@stanford.edu
1Corresponding author.
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Sanjiva K. Lele,
Sanjiva K. Lele
Center for Turbulence Research
,Stanford University
,Stanford, CA 94305
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Frank E. Ham,
Frank E. Ham
Cascade Technologies, Inc.
,Palo Alto, CA 94303
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Steve Martens,
Steve Martens
GE Aviation
,Cincinnati, OH 45215
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John T. Spyropoulos
John T. Spyropoulos
Naval Air Systems Command
,Patuxent River, MD 20670
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Joseph W. Nichols
e-mail: jwn@stanford.edu
Sanjiva K. Lele
Center for Turbulence Research
,Stanford University
,Stanford, CA 94305
Frank E. Ham
Cascade Technologies, Inc.
,Palo Alto, CA 94303
Steve Martens
GE Aviation
,Cincinnati, OH 45215
John T. Spyropoulos
Naval Air Systems Command
,Patuxent River, MD 20670
1Corresponding author.
Contributed by the International Gas Turbine Institute (IGTI) of ASME for publication in the Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. Manuscript received June 16, 2012; final manuscript received October 9, 2012; published online April 23, 2013. Editor: Dilip R. Ballal.
J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. May 2013, 135(5): 051202 (7 pages)
Published Online: April 23, 2013
Article history
Received:
June 16, 2012
Revision Received:
October 9, 2012
Citation
Nichols, J. W., Lele, S. K., Ham, F. E., Martens, S., and Spyropoulos, J. T. (April 23, 2013). "Crackle Noise in Heated Supersonic Jets." ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. May 2013; 135(5): 051202. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4007867
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