The goal of this study was to determine when patternation information derived from Phase Doppler Analyzer (Dantec Dynamics, Skovlunde, Denmark, dual-PDA) measurements of volume flux, drop velocity, and mean size agreed with corresponding values measured using an optical patternator (Enurga, Inc., West Lafayette, IN, SetScan OP-600). To achieve this, data from each instrument were transformed into spatially resolved absorptances (equivalent to drop surface area per unit spray volume) and compared. Key conclusion is absorptance agreement to within 20% in many cases. However, discrepancies between phase Doppler analyzer (PDA)-calculated and optical patternator-measured absorptances become larger as the drop arrival rate increases, as the mean drop size decreases, and when a significant drop size-velocity correlation is present. These discrepancies are attributed to an underestimation of the volume flux (which becomes more important with increasing droplet arrival rate), an over-reporting of the mean drop diameter (which is the result of the restrictive data acquisition scheme applied when ensuring mass closure for the PDA measurements), the limited PDA dynamic range (which can preclude simultaneously accounting for both the largest and smallest drops in the spray), and by the optical patternator’s number-density based measurement scheme (which will not yield the same results as the flux-based PDA when a drop size-velocity correlation is present).
Issue Section:
Techniques and Procedures
Keywords:
drops,
flow visualisation,
sprays,
dual-PDA,
optical patternator,
patternation,
absorptance
1.
Mowery
, M. D.
, Sing
, R.
, Kirsch
, J.
, Razaghi
, A.
, Bechard
, S.
, and Reed
, R. A.
, 2002, “Rapid At-Line Analysis of Coating Thickness and Uniformity on Tablets Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
,” J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.
0731-7085, 28
(5
), pp. 935
–943
.2.
Skultety
, P. F.
, Rivera
, D.
, Dunleavy
, J.
, and Lin
, C. T.
, 1988, “Quantitation of the Amount and Uniformity of Aqueous Film Coating Applied to Tablets in a 24″ Accela-Cota
,” Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.
0363-9045, 14
(5
), pp. 617
–631
.3.
Rege
, B. D.
, Gawel
, J.
, and Kou
, J. H.
, 2002, “Identification of Critical Process Variables for Coating Actives Onto Tablets via Statistically Designed Experiments
,” Int. J. Pharm.
0378-5173, 237
(1–2
), pp. 87
–94
.4.
Porter
, S. C.
, and Saraceni
, K.
, 1988, “Opportunities for Cost Containment in Aqueous Film Coating
,” Review of Scientific Instruments
, 12
(9
), pp. 62
–76
.5.
Ullom
, M. J.
, and Sojka
, P. E.
, 2001, “A Simple Optical Patternator for Evaluating Spray Symmetry
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
0034-6748, 72
(5
), pp. 2472
–2477
.6.
Widmann
, J. F.
, Presser
, C.
, and Leigh
, S. D.
, 2001, “Improving Phase Doppler Volume Flux Measurements in Low Data Rate Applications
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
0957-0233, 12
(8
), pp. 1180
–1190
.7.
Lazaro
, B. J.
, 1991, “Evaluation of Phase Doppler Particle Sizing in the Measurement of Optically Thick, High Number Density Sprays
,” United Technologies Research Center
, East Hartford, CT, Report No. UTRC91-11.8.
Van Den Moortel
, T.
, Santini
, R.
, Tadrist
, L.
, and Pantaloni
, J.
, 1997, “Experimental Study of the Particle Flow in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Using a Phase Doppler Particle Analyser: A New Post-Processing Data Algorithm
,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow
0301-9322, 23
(6
), pp. 1189
–1209
.9.
Widmann
, J. F.
, Presser
, C.
, and Leigh
, S. D.
, 2001, “Identifying Burst Splitting Events in Phase Doppler Interferometry Measurements
,” Atomization Sprays
1044-5110, 11
(6
), pp. 711
–733
.10.
Roisman
, I. V.
, and Tropea
, C.
, 2001, “Flux Measurements in Sprays Using Phase Doppler Techniques
,” Atomization Sprays
1044-5110, 11
(6
), pp. 667
–699
.11.
Durst
, F.
, Tropea
, C.
, and Xu
, T. –H.
, 1994, “The Slit Effect in Phase Doppler Anemometry
,” Modern Techniques and Measurements in Fluid Flows
, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Fluid Dynamic Measurement and Its Applications (IFCDMA)
, Tsinghua University
, Beijing, China
, 19-22 Oct., pp. 38
–43
.12.
Xu
, T. H.
, and Tropea
, C.
, 1994, “Improving the Performance of 2-Component Phase Doppler Anemometers
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
0957-0233, 5
(8
), pp. 969
–975
.13.
McDonell
, V. G.
, and Samuelsen
, G. S.
, 1990, “Sensitivity Assessment of a Phase Doppler Interferometer to User-Controlled Settings
,” E. D.
Hirleman
, W. D.
Bachalo
, and G.
Philip
, eds., ASTM STP 1083.14.
Dullenkopf
, K.
, Willmann
, M.
, Wittig
, S.
, Schone
, F.
, Stieglmeier
, M.
, Tropea
, C.
, and Mundo
, C.
, 1998, “Comparative Mass Flux Measurements in Sprays Using a Patternator and the Phase-Doppler Technique
,” Part. Part. Syst. Charact.
0934-0866, 15
(2
), pp. 81
–89
.15.
Araneo
, L.
, Damaschke
, N.
, and Tropea
, C.
, 2000, “Measurement and Prediction of the Gaussian Beam Effect in the Phase Doppler Technique
,” Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Application of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics
, Lisbon, Portugal.16.
Dodge
, L. G.
, Rhodes
, D. J.
, and Reitz
, R. D.
, 1987, “Drop-Size Measurement Techniques for Sprays—Comparison of Malvern Laser-Diffraction and Aerometrics Phase Doppler
,” Appl. Opt.
0003-6935, 26
(11
), pp. 2144
–2154
.17.
Chao
, J.
, Hwang
, K.
, and Lee
, T.
, 1990, “Sensitivity of User Parameter Settings of Phase Doppler Analyzer in Combusting Spray
,” Proceedings of the AIAA 21st Fluid Dynamics, Plasma Dynamics and Laser Conference
, Seattle, WA.18.
Kapulla
, R.
, and Najera
, S. B.
, 2006, “Operation Conditions of a Phase Doppler Anemometer: Droplet Size Measurements With Laser Beam Power, Photomultiplier Voltage, Signal Gain and Signal-to-Noise Ratio as Parameters
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
0957-0233, 17
(1
), pp. 221
–227
.19.
Friedman
, J. A.
, and Renksizbulut
, M.
, 1995, “A Method for Increasing the Sensitivity of Phase Doppler Interferometry to Seed Particles in Liquid Spray Flows
,” Part. Part. Syst. Charact.
0934-0866, 12
(5
), pp. 225
–231
.20.
Widmann
, J. F.
, Presser
, C.
, and Leigh
, S. D.
, 2002, “Extending the Dynamic Range of Phase Doppler Interferometry Measurements
,” Atomization Sprays
1044-5110, 12
(4
), pp. 513
–537
.21.
Lim
, J.
, Sivathanu
, Y.
, Narayanan
, V.
, and Chang
, S. M.
, 2003, “Optical Patternation of a Water Spray Using Statistical Extinction Tomography
,” Atomization Sprays
1044-5110, 13
(1
), pp. 27
–43
.22.
Lim
, J.
, and Sivathanu
, Y.
, 2005, “Optical Patternation of a Multi-Orifice Spray Nozzle
,” Atomization Sprays
1044-5110, 15
(6
), pp. 687
–698
.23.
Brown
, C. T.
, McDonell
, V. G.
, and Talley
, D. G.
, 2002, “Accounting for Laser Extinction, Signal Attenuation, and Secondary Emission While Performing Optical Patternation in a Single Plane
,” Proceedings of the ILASS Americas 15th Annual Conference of Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems
, Madison, WI.24.
Sivathanu
, Y.
, Lim
, J.
, Linden
, H.
, and Noerskov
, P.
, 2006, “Pressure Effects on Drop Diameters and Surface Areas in Oil Nozzles
,” Proceedings of the ILASS Americas 19th Annual Conference of Liquid Atomization and Sprays Systems
, Toronto, Canada.25.
Sivathanu
, Y.
, Lim
, J.
, and Hicks
, P. G.
, 2007, “Optical and Mechanical Patternation of a High Flow Rate Industrial Gas Turbine Nozzle
,” Proceedings of the ILASS Americas 20th Annual Conference of Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems
, Chicago, IL.26.
McDonnell
, V. G.
, Cameron
, C. D.
, and Samuelsen
, G. S.
, 1990, “Symmetry Assessment of an Air-Blast Atomizer Spray
,” J. Propul. Power
0748-4658, 6
(4
), pp. 375
–381
.27.
McLean
, J. A.
, Huff
, R. A.
, and Montaser
, A.
, 1999, “Fundamental Properties of Aerosols Produced in Helium by a Direct Injection Nebulizer
,” Appl. Spectrosc.
0003-7028, 53
(11
), pp. 1331
–1340
.28.
Tropea
, C.
, Xu
, T. H.
, Onofri
, F.
, Grehan
, G.
, Haugen
, P.
, and Stieglmeier
, M.
, 1996, “Dual-Mode Phase-Doppler Anemometer
,” Part. Part. Syst. Charact.
0934-0866, 13
(2
), pp. 165
–170
.29.
Albrecht
, H. -E.
, 2003, Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler Measurement Techniques
, Springer
, Berlin
.30.
Qiu
, H. H.
, Sommerfeld
, M.
, and Durst
, F.
, 1994, “2 Novel Doppler Signal-Detection Methods for Laser-Doppler and Phase Doppler Anemometry
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
0957-0233, 5
(7
), pp. 769
–778
.31.
Sommerfeld
, M.
, and Qiu
, H. H.
, 1995, “Particle Concentration Measurements by Phase-Doppler Anemometry in Complex Dispersed 2-Phase Flows
,” Exp. Fluids
0723-4864, 18
(3
), pp. 187
–198
.32.
Kline
, S. J.
, and McClintock
, F. A.
, 1953, “Describing Uncertainties in Single-Sample Experiments
,” Mech. Eng. (Am. Soc. Mech. Eng.)
0025-6501, 75
, pp. 3
–7
.Copyright © 2010
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
