...), the catalyst exhibited an overpotential of 31.1 mV and stability in an acidic medium at a current density of 10 mA/cm 2 . It is worth noting that the overpotential and Tafel slope of the catalyst are both smaller than commercial Pt/C, indicating high catalytic activity. The loading of commercial Pt/C (TKK, 46...

... of SoC, this paper analyzes the data drift and rest time to equilibrium potential, and builds an approximate model of overpotential for 32650 LiFePO 4 battery, based on the time variation constant and the monotonicity of SoC trend. The proposed model was adopted to optimize the evaluation of SoC...

... the activation overpotential, which results in the increase of the calculation difficulties. There are also some parameters in Butler–Volmer equation such as exchange current density and symmetry factor that are not always known parameters. In order to avoid the latest mentioned limitation and the numerical...