... of the new material shows that copper particles are homogeneously interspersed into the silicon active layer. The formation of Cu 3 Si during the annealing step of the fabrication process was also confirmed using X-ray diffraction and is thought to contribute to the structural stability of the anode during...

... structure according to the results of XRD at room temperature [( 13 )]. In the present study, we refined the crystal structures of Ln 2 Zr 2 O 7 ( Ln  = La, Nd, Eu) systems having the pyrochlore-type structure by the Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data at high temperatures, in order...

... for accelerated lifetime testing. 04 09 2009 07 01 2011 16 06 2011 16 06 2011 life testing proton exchange membrane fuel cells scanning electron microscopy transmission electron microscopy X-ray diffraction proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells accelerated lifetime...

... with differential scanning calorimetry. The particle size that was calculated with Scherrer formula, 15–20 nm, is in a good agreement with the SEM and X- ray diffraction results. The purpose of this study is to introduce the functional nanocomposite materials for advanced fuel cell technology to meet the challenges...

... (HRTEM) (JEOL JEM-2100F). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the electrolyte material were recorded to determine the crystalline structure at room temperature using a D/Max-3A Rigaku X-ray diffractometer with Cu   K α radiation ( λ = 1.5418   Å ) , 35 kV voltage...

... electron microscopy observation and X-ray diffraction, this was mainly ascribed to the increase in defects where the nucleus formation of carbon can occur and the increased density of carbon on the surface of the metal. The resulting carbon coated stainless steels showed low interfacial resistance and high...

... that the partially oxidized TaC 0.58 N 0.42 had definite catalytic activity for the ORR. Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the surfaces of the partially oxidized TaC 0.58 N 0.42 were oxidized, although the inner parts of the partially oxidized TaC 0.58 N 0.42 remained...

... in the fabricated coatings: large pores located between the agglomerates and fine pores inside the agglomerates. The porous LSM cathode coatings have 20 – 40 area % of desirable homogeneous pores determined by several processing parameters. X-ray diffraction of sintered coatings shows that no suboxides of La 1 − x...

...-doped CGO and ScSZ electrolytes during the SOFC fabrication process were investigated using synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) analysis. The addition of CoO enhanced the sintering characteristics of both CGO and ScSZ. Based on the results of the SR-XRD analysis, it was found that CGO and CoO did...

... performance for methanol oxidation at 80 ° C . The effect of temperature and time for thermal decomposition was optimized with respect to methanol oxidation, and the catalysts were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, and X-ray...

...Heli Wang; Glenn Teeter; John A. Turner An austenite 349 stainless steel was nitrided via nitrogen plasma. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction patterns suggest that the nitrided layer is amorphous. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that the plasma nitridation process produced bulk...

...Heli Wang; Glenn Teeter; John A. Turner Austenitic 349 stainless steel was nitrided in an NH 3 plasma. A low interfacial contact resistance was obtained with the nitrided steel. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction suggests that the nitrided layer is very thin and possibly amorphous. X-ray...

... route for catalyst preparation. electrochemical electrodes proton exchange membrane fuel cells pyrolysis scanning electron microscopy transmission electron microscopy X-ray diffraction 10 08 2006 05 04 2007 30 12 2009 30 12 2009 Costamagna , P...

... − x Sr x ) CoO 3 NCO NSC73 NSC55 NSC37 ( Sm 1 − x Sr x ) CoO 3 SCO SSC73 SSC55 SSC37 ( Gd 1 − x Sr x ) CoO 3 GCO GSC73 GSC55 GSC37 The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns...

... agglomerates containing 60 – 100 nm crystalline particles, whereas the Praxair powders were presented as sintered platelet agglomerates, up to 30 μ m long and 3 – 4 μ m thick, which consisted of smaller 100 – 200 nm crystalline particles. X-ray diffraction analysis has shown that both DKKK and Praxair powders...

... on each alloy were identified using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Thin surface scales were formed that included Cr-, Fe-, Al-, and Si-oxides as well as Mn–Cr spinel. The surface composition estimated from the analytical data is used...

...)) in this study. The mixtures of LNF and SDC were sintered at temperatures between 1123 K and 1623 K and the resultants were analyzed by X-ray diffraction together with the Rietveld analysis. We also measured the activity of electrochemical cells with a LNF-SDC composite layer in between the LNF cathode...

...S. Higgins; N. M. Sammes; A. Smirnova; J. A. Kilner; G. Tompsett A modified Pechini process has been used to synthesize perovskite-structured yttrium-doped barium zirconate of the form BaZr 0.85 Y 0.15 O 3 - δ (BZY15). The X-ray diffraction pattern for the sintered material ( 5 h at 1500 ° C...

...Aiyu Yan; Bin Liu; Baofeng Tu; Yonglai Dong; Mojie Cheng; Shuqin Song; Panagiotis Tsiakaras A series of La 1 − x Sr x Cr O 3 ( 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.3 ) composite oxides were prepared by a modified citric method. These perovskite oxides were further modified with Ru through impregnation. X-ray diffraction, X...

.../oxidation and thermal cycling. On the other hand, another focus lies in the electrochemical testing of short stacks in the cassette arrangement. The microstructure of the cells was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive microanalysis...