Fig. 1 Geometric models of the BTMSs: ( a ) LC, ( b ) LC-VC, ( c ) LC-2VCs, ( d ) liquid cooling plate, ( e ) vapor chamber, and ( f ) cooling fins More about this image found in Geometric models of the BTMSs: ( a ) LC, ( b ) LC-VC, ( c ) LC-2VCs, ( d ) ...

Fig. 2 Working principle of the VC More about this image found in Working principle of the VC

Fig. 3 Thermal resistance model for VC More about this image found in Thermal resistance model for VC

Fig. 4 Grid dependency analysis for LC, LC-VC, and LC-2VCs More about this image found in Grid dependency analysis for LC, LC-VC, and LC-2VCs

Fig. 5 T max of the module and the corresponding experimental results from Ref. [ 41 ] More about this image found in T max of the module and the corresponding experimental results from Ref. ...

Fig. 6 Cooling performance comparison of the three BTMSs under 3C discharge rate More about this image found in Cooling performance comparison of the three BTMSs under 3C discharge rate

Fig. 7 Temperature contours for the three BTMSs at 3C discharge rate end: ( a ) LC, ( b ) LC-VC, and ( c ) LC-2VCs More about this image found in Temperature contours for the three BTMSs at 3C discharge rate end: ( a ) LC...

Fig. 8 Cooling performance comparison of the three BTMSs: ( a ) T max and ( b ) Δ T max More about this image found in Cooling performance comparison of the three BTMSs: ( a ) T max and ( b )...

Fig. 9 Effect of the battery axial thermal conductivity for LC-VC and LC-2VCs: ( a ) T max and ( b ) Δ T max More about this image found in Effect of the battery axial thermal conductivity for LC-VC and LC-2VCs: ( a...

Fig. 10 Effect of the VC effective thermal conductivity for LC-VC and LC-2VCs: ( a ) T max and ( b ) Δ T max More about this image found in Effect of the VC effective thermal conductivity for LC-VC and LC-2VCs: ( a ...

Fig. 11 Contours of ( a ) T max and ( b ) Δ T max in terms of the VC effective thermal conductivity and battery axial thermal conductivity for LC-2VCs More about this image found in Contours of ( a ) T max and ( b ) Δ T max in terms of the VC effective...

Fig. 12 Effect of the fin height on the cooling performance of LC-2VCs More about this image found in Effect of the fin height on the cooling performance of LC-2VCs

Fig. 13 Cooling performance of LC-VC and LC-2VCs under different inlet velocities More about this image found in Cooling performance of LC-VC and LC-2VCs under different inlet velocities

Fig. 14 Comparison of cooling performance under initial and optimal parameters: ( a ) T max and ( b ) Δ T max More about this image found in Comparison of cooling performance under initial and optimal parameters: ( a...

Fig. 1 TG-DTA curve of powder after ball-mill More about this image found in TG-DTA curve of powder after ball-mill

Fig. 2 XRD patterns of samples without lithium compensation More about this image found in XRD patterns of samples without lithium compensation

Fig. 3 XRD patterns of samples with different pre-sintering temperatures: ( a ) 750 °C, ( b ) 800 °C, ( c ) 850 °C, ( d ) 900 °C, and ( e ) 950 °C; and lithium compensation (0–25 wt%) at a sintering temperature of 1300 °C More about this image found in XRD patterns of samples with different pre-sintering temperatures: ( a ) 75...

Fig. 4 SEM images of samples with lithium compensation amounts of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt% at a pre-sintering temperature of 800 °C and sintering temperature of 1300 °C More about this image found in SEM images of samples with lithium compensation amounts of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20...