Abstract
Nano-LiMn2O4 was successfully synthesized by a low-temperature hydrothermal route with the absence of post-calcination treatment. Employing ethanol as an organic reagent triggers the formation of nanostructured particles approximately 30.39 nm in diameter, associated with 0.007 lattice strain. The pure phase of nano-LiMn2O4/Li displays outstanding electrochemical performances. Under 4.6 V versus Li+/Li cut-off potential, 74.3% of capacity is reserved when C-rate is increased by 50 times, while excellent capacity restoration of 96.9% after cycled again at 1 C. After 331 cycles, a capacity retention of 84.3% is harvested by nano-LiMn2O4/Li, implying the absence of phase transformations in spinel structures under such abuse conditions. This remarkable structural stability can be attributed to the small lattice strain, associated with high Li+ diffusion coefficient, which is estimated to be 10−9.76 cm2 s−1 by the EIS technique. Additionally, Li+ extraction is more favorable when nano-LiMn2O4/Li is charged up to 4.6 V versus Li+/Li, interpreted by the polarization resistance (Rp) of the cell.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Masurkar
, N.
, Babu
, G.
, Porchelvan
, S.
, and Reddy Arava
, L. M.
, 2018
, “Millimeter-Scale Lithium Ion Battery Packaging for High-Temperature Sensing Applications
,” J. Power Sources
, 399
, pp. 179
–185
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.0772.
Miroshnikov
, M.
, Mahankali
, K.
, Thangavel
, N. K.
, Satapathy
, S.
, Arava
, L. M. R.
, Ajayan
, P. M.
, and John
, G.
, 2020
, “Bioderived Molecular Electrodes for Next-Generation Energy-Storage Materials
,” ChemSusChem
, 13
(9
), pp. 2186
–2204
. 10.1002/cssc.2019035893.
Aricò
, A. S.
, Bruce
, P.
, Scrosati
, B.
, Tarascon
, J.-M.
, and van Schalkwijk
, W.
, 2005
, “Nanostructured Materials for Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Devices
,” Nat. Mater.
, 4
(5
), pp. 366
–377
. 10.1038/nmat13684.
Gummow
, R. J.
, de Kock
, A.
, and Thackeray
, M. M.
, 1994
, “Improved Capacity Retention in Rechargeable 4 V Lithium/Lithium-Manganese Oxide (Spinel) Cells
,” Solid State Ion.
, 69
(1
), pp. 59
–67
. 10.1016/0167-2738(94)90450-25.
Xie
, X.
, Dong
, Y.
, Liu
, H.
, and Kang
, J.
, 2014
, “Identifying Torsional Modal Parameters of Large Turbine Generators Based on the Supplementary-Excitation-Signal-Injection Test
,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.
, 56
, pp. 1
–8
. 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.10.0306.
Goodenough
, J. B.
, 1994
, “Design Considerations
,” Solid State Ion.
, 69
(3–4
), pp. 184
–198
. 10.1016/0167-2738(94)90409-X7.
Du Pasquier
, A.
, Blyr
, A.
, Courjal
, P.
, Larcher
, D.
, Amatucci
, G.
, Gerand
, B.
, and Tarascon
, J. M.
, 1999
, “Mechanism for Limited 55 °C Storage Performance of Li1.05Mn1.95O4 Electrodes
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 146
(2
), p. 428
. 10.1149/1.13916258.
Thackeray
, M. M.
, Shao-Horn
, Y.
, Kahaian
, A. J.
, Kepler
, K. D.
, Skinner
, E.
, Vaughey
, J. T.
, and Hackney
, S. A.
, 1998
, “Structural Fatigue in Spinel Electrodes in High Voltage (4 V) Li/LixMn2O4 Cells
,” Electrochem. Solid St.
, 1
(1
), p. 7
. 10.1149/1.13906179.
Tarascon
, J.
, McKinnon
, W.
, Coowar
, F.
, Bowmer
, T.
, Amatucci
, G.
, and Guyomard
, D.
, 1994
, “Synthesis Conditions and Oxygen Stoichiometry Effects on Li Insertion Into the Spinel LiMn2O4
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 141
(6
), p. 1421
. 10.1149/1.205494110.
Gao
, Y.
, and Dahn
, J.
, 1996
, “Synthesis and Characterization of Li1+XMn2−XO4 for Li-Ion Battery Applications
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 143
(1
), p. 100
. 10.1149/1.183639311.
Huang
, H.
, Vincent
, C. A.
, and Bruce
, P. G.
, 1999
, “Correlating Capacity Loss of Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel Electrodes with Their Structural Integrity
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 146
(10
), p. 3649
. 10.1149/1.139252812.
Yamane
, H.
, Inoue
, T.
, Fujita
, M.
, and Sano
, M.
, 2001
, “A Causal Study of the Capacity Fading of Li1. 01Mn1. 99O4 Cathode at 80 °C, and the Suppressing Substances of Its Fading
,” J. Power Sources
, 99
(1–2
), pp. 60
–65
. 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00479-713.
Lee
, J. H.
, Hong
, J. K.
, Jang
, D. H.
, Sun
, Y.-K.
, and Oh
, S. M.
, 2000
, “Degradation Mechanisms in Doped Spinels of LiM0. 05Mn1. 95O4 (M = Li, B, Al, Co, and Ni) for Li Secondary Batteries
,” J. Power Sources
, 89
(1
), pp. 7
–14
. 10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00375-X14.
Chebiam
, R.
, Kannan
, A. M.
, Prado
, F.
, and Manthiram
, A.
, 2001
, “Comparison of the Chemical Stability of the High Energy Density Cathodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Electrochem. Commun.
, 3
(11
), pp. 624
–627
. 10.1016/S1388-2481(01)00232-615.
Fell
, C. R.
, Qian
, D.
, Carroll
, K. J.
, Chi
, M.
, Jones
, J. L.
, and Meng
, Y. S.
, 2013
, “Correlation Between Oxygen Vacancy, Microstrain, and Cation Distribution in Lithium-Excess Layered Oxides During the First Electrochemical Cycle
,” Chem. Mater.
, 25
(9
), pp. 1621
–1629
. 10.1021/cm400011916.
Yao
, J.
, Shen
, C.
, Zhang
, P.
, Gregory
, D. H.
, and Wang
, L.
, 2012
, “Enhanced Cycle Ability of Spinel LiMn2O4 by Controlling the Phase Purity and Structural Strain
,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids
, 73
(11
), pp. 1390
–1395
. 10.1016/j.jpcs.2012.07.00617.
Fajar
, A.
, Gunawan
, G.
, Kartini
, E.
, Mugirahardjo
, H.
, and Ihsan
, M.
, 2011
, “Crystallite Size and Microstrain Measurement of Cathode Material After Mechanical Milling Using Neutron Diffraction Technique
,” Atom Indones.
, 36
(3
), pp. 111
–115
. 10.17146/aij.2010.2718.
Lee
, E.-J.
, Chen
, Z.
, Noh
, H.-J.
, Nam
, S. C.
, Kang
, S.
, Kim
, D. H.
, Amine
, K.
, and Sun
, Y.-K.
, 2014
, “Development of Microstrain in Aged Lithium Transition Metal Oxides
,” Nano Lett.
, 14
(8
), pp. 4873
–4880
. 10.1021/nl502285919.
Shin
, Y.
, and Manthiram
, A.
, 2002
, “High Rate, Superior Capacity Retention LiMn2−2yLiyNiyO4 Spinel Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Electrochem. Solid St.
, 6
(2
), p. A34
. 10.1149/1.153575120.
Shin
, Y.
, and Manthiram
, A.
, 2004
, “Factors Influencing the Capacity Fade of Spinel Lithium Manganese Oxides
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 151
(2
), p. A204
. 10.1149/1.163427421.
Shin
, Y.
, and Manthiram
, A.
, 2002
, “Microstrain and Capacity Fade in Spinel Manganese Oxides
,” Electrochem. Solid St.
, 5
(3
), p. A55
. 10.1149/1.145006322.
Zhang
, W.
, Zhao
, Z.
, Lei
, Y.
, Xing
, J.
, and Cao
, X.
, 2020
, “A Facile and Eco-Friendly Approach to Synthesis of Spinel LiMn2O4 with High Electrochemical Performance
,” Int. J. Electrochem. Sci
, 15
(7
), pp. 6188
–6197
. 10.20964/2020.07.7723.
Wang
, S.
, Luo
, C.
, Feng
, Y.
, Fan
, G.
, Feng
, L.
, Ren
, M.
, and Liu
, B.
, 2020
, “Electrochemical Properties and Microstructures of LiMn2O4 Cathodes Coated With Aluminum Zirconium Coupling Agents
,” Ceram. Int.
, 46
(9
), pp. 13003
–13013
. 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.02.07024.
Tang
, D.
, Ben
, L.
, Sun
, Y.
, Chen
, B.
, Yang
, Z.
, Gu
, L.
, and Huang
, X.
, 2014
, “Electrochemical Behavior and Surface Structural Change of LiMn2O4 Charged to 5.1 V
,” J. Mater. Chem. A
, 2
(35
), pp. 14519
–14527
. 10.1039/C4TA02109F25.
Zhang
, F.
, Geng
, T.
, Peng
, F.
, Zhao
, D.
, Zhang
, N.
, Zhang
, H.
, and Li
, S.
, 2019
, “New Insights for the Abuse Tolerance Behavior of LiMn2O4 Under High Cut-Off Potential Conditions
,” ChemElectroChem
, 6
(3
), pp. 731
–740
. 10.1002/celc.20180144826.
Leifer
, N.
, Schipper
, F.
, Erickson
, E. M.
, Ghanty
, C.
, Talianker
, M.
, Grinblat
, J.
, Julien
, C. M.
, Markovsky
, B.
, and Aurbach
, D.
, 2017
, “Studies of Spinel-to-Layered Structural Transformations in LiMn2O4 Electrodes Charged to High Voltages
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
, 121
(17
), pp. 9120
–9130
. 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b0092927.
Kandhasamy
, S.
, Babu
, G.
, Bhuvaneswari
, D.
, and Peter
, A. J.
, 2011
, “H2O2 Aided One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanocrystalline LiMn2O4 Cathode for Lithium Batteries
,” IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol.
, 11
(2
), pp. 314
–320
. 10.1109/TNANO.2011.217135928.
Xie
, N.
, Li
, Y.
, Lu
, Y.
, Gong
, J.
, and Hu
, X.
, 2020
, “Electrochemically Controlled Reversible Lithium Capture and Release Enabled by LiMn2O4 Nanorods
,” Chem. Electro. Chem.
, 7
(1
), pp. 105
–111
. 10.1002/celc.20190172829.
Wei
, C.
, Fei
, H.
, An
, Y.
, Zhang
, Y.
, and Feng
, J.
, 2019
, “Crumpled Ti3C2Tx (Mxene) Nanosheet Encapsulated LiMn2O4 for High Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 309
, pp. 362
–370
. 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.09430.
Hamankiewicz
, B.
, Michalska
, M.
, Krajewski
, M.
, Ziolkowska
, D.
, Lipinska
, L.
, Korona
, K.
, Kaminska
, M.
, and Czerwinski
, A.
, 2014
, “The Effect of Electrode Thickness on Electrochemical Performance of LiMn2O4 Cathode Synthesized by Modified Sol–Gel Method
,” Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Solid State Ionics
, Kyoto International Conference Center, Japan
, June 2–7, 2013
.31.
Strobel
, P.
, Le Cras
, F.
, Seguin
, L.
, Anne
, M.
, and Tarascon
, J.
, 1998
, “Oxygen Nonstoichiometry in Li–Mn–O Spinel Oxides: A Powder Neutron Diffraction Study
,” J. Solid State Chem.
, 135
(1
), pp. 132
–139
. 10.1006/jssc.1997.761132.
Hayakawa
, H.
, Takada
, T.
, Enoki
, H.
, and Akiba
, E.
, 1998
, “New Findings on the Structural Phase Transitions of Spinel LiMn2O4 at Low Temperature
,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett.
, 17
(10
), pp. 811
–812
. 10.1023/A:100668230496633.
Piszora
, P.
, Paszkowicz
, W.
, Baehtz
, C.
, and Wolska
, E.
, 2004
, “X-Ray Diffraction Studies on the Nature of the Phase Transition in the Stoichiometric LiMn2O4
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 382
(1
), pp. 119
–122
. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.06.00934.
Yang
, X.
, Tang
, W.
, Liu
, Z.
, Makita
, Y.
, and Ooi
, K.
, 2002
, “Synthesis of Lithium-Rich LixMn2O4 Spinels by Lithiation and Heat-Treatment of Defective Spinels
,” J. Mater. Chem.
, 12
(3
), pp. 489
–495
. 10.1039/b109463g35.
Chung
, H.-T.
, Myung
, S.-T.
, Cho
, T.-H.
, and Son
, J.-T.
, 2001
, “Lattice Parameter as a Measure of Electrochemical Properties of LiMn2O4
,” J. Power Sources
, 97
, pp. 454
–457
. 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00685-136.
Huang
, Y.
, Jiang
, R.
, Bao
, S.-J.
, Cao
, Y.
, and Jia
, D.
, 2009
, “LiMn2O4–YBry Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Room Temperature Solid-State Coordination Method
,” Nanoscale Res. Lett.
, 4
(4
), p. 353
. 10.1007/s11671-009-9252-737.
Christiansen
, T. L.
, Bøjesen
, E. D.
, Søndergaard
, M.
, Birgisson
, S.
, Becker
, J.
, and Iversen
, B. B.
, 2016
, “Crystal Structure, Microstructure and Electrochemical Properties of Hydrothermally Synthesised LiMn2O4
,” Cryst. Eng. Comm.
, 18
(11
), pp. 1996
–2004
. 10.1039/C5CE02358K38.
Liddle
, B. J.
, Collins
, S. M.
, and Bartlett
, B. M.
, 2010
, “A New One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Li1+XMn2−YO4 Spinel Structured Compounds
,” Energ. Environ. Sci.
, 3
(9
), pp. 1339
–1346
. 10.1039/c0ee00059k39.
Halder
, N.
, and Wagner
, C.
, 1966
, “Separation of Particle Size and Lattice Strain in Integral Breadth Measurements
,” Act Cryst.
, 20
(2
), pp. 312
–313
. 10.1107/S0365110X6600062840.
Han
, S.
, Park
, J.
, Lu
, W.
, and Sastry
, A. M.
, 2013
, “Numerical Study of Grain Boundary Effect on Li+ Effective Diffusivity and Intercalation-Induced Stresses in Li-Ion Battery Active Materials
,” J. Power Sources
, 240
, pp. 155
–167
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.13541.
Yu
, S.
, and Siegel
, D. J.
, 2017
, “Grain Boundary Contributions to Li-Ion Transport in the Solid Electrolyte Li7La3Zr2O12 (Llzo)
,” Chem. Mater.
, 29
(22
), pp. 9639
–9647
. 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b0280542.
Im
, D.
, and Manthiram
, A.
, 2003
, “Nanostructured Lithium Manganese Oxide Cathodes Obtained by a Reduction of Aqueous Lithium Permanganate with Hydrogen
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 150
(6
), pp. A742
–A746
. 10.1149/1.157082043.
Wang
, B.
, Han
, Y.
, Wang
, X.
, Bahlawane
, N.
, Pan
, H.
, Yan
, M.
, and Jiang
, Y.
, 2018
, “Prussian Blue Analogs for Rechargeable Batteries
,” iScience
, 3
, pp. 110
–133
. 10.1016/j.isci.2018.04.00844.
Wheeler
, S.
, Capone
, I.
, Day
, S.
, Tang
, C.
, and Pasta
, M.
, 2019
, “Low-Potential Prussian Blue Analogues for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Manganese Hexacyanochromate
,” Chem. Mater.
, 31
(7
), pp. 2619
–2626
. 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b0047145.
Chen
, R.
, Huang
, Y.
, Xie
, M.
, Wang
, Z.
, Ye
, Y.
, Li
, L.
, and Wu
, F.
, 2016
, “Chemical Inhibition Method to Synthesize Highly Crystalline Prussian Blue Analogs for Sodium-Ion Battery Cathodes
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 8
(46
), pp. 31669
–31676
. 10.1021/acsami.6b1088446.
Ammundsen
, B.
, Aitchison
, P. B.
, Burns
, G. R.
, Jones
, D. J.
, and Rozière
, J.
, 1997
, “Proton Insertion and Lithium-Proton Exchange in Spinel Lithium Manganates
,” Solid State Ion.
, 97
(1-4
), pp. 269
–276
. 10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00065-947.
Wu
, H.
, Liu
, W.
, Ma
, G.
, Huang
, S.
, Wang
, F.
, Ding
, L.
, and Zhang
, Y.
, 2015
, “Influence of Co-Substitution on Structure and Electrochemical Performances of Li-Rich Spinel LiMn2O4
,” Integr. Ferroelectr.
, 164
(1
), pp. 23
–32
. 10.1080/10584587.2015.104282748.
Hariprasad
, K.
, Naresh
, N.
, Rao
, B. N.
, Venkateswarlu
, M.
, and Satyanarayana
, N.
, 2016
, “Preparation of LiMn2O4 Nanorods and Nanoparticles for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications
,” Mater. Today
, 3
(10
), pp. 4040
–4045
. 10.1016/j.matpr.2016.11.07049.
Rao
, M. C.
, Rao
, M. V. B.
, and Satyanarayana
, T.
, 2019
, “Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Investigations on LiCrxMn2−XO4 Cathodes for Rechargeable Battery Application
,” Mater. Res. Express
, 6
(8
), p. 085514
. 10.1088/2053-1591/ab1d1e50.
Thirunakaran
, R.
, Ravikumar
, R.
, Gopukumar
, S.
, and Sivashanmugam
, A.
, 2013
, “Electrochemical Evaluation of Dual-Doped LiMn2O4 Spinels Synthesized Via Co-Precipitation Method as Cathode Material for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 556
, pp. 266
–273
. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.12.05351.
Thirunakaran
, R.
, Ravikumar
, R.
, Vijayarani
, S.
, Gopukumar
, S.
, and Sivashanmugam
, A.
, 2012
, “Molybdenum Doped Spinel as Cathode Material for Lithium Rechargeable Cells
,” Energy Convers. Manag.
, 53
(1
), pp. 276
–281
. 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.08.02552.
Rougier
, A.
, Striebel
, K.
, Wen
, S.
, Richardson
, T.
, Reade
, R.
, and Cairns
, E.
, 1998
, “Characterization of Pulsed Laser-Deposited LiMn2O4 Thin Films for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
,” Appl. Surf. Sci.
, 134
(1-4
), pp. 107
–115
. 10.1016/S0169-4332(98)00234-753.
Balaji
, S.
, Manichandran
, T.
, and Mutharasu
, D.
, 2012
, “A Comprehensive Study on Influence of Nd3+ Substitution on Properties of LiMn2O4
,” Bull. Mater. Sci.
, 35
(3
), pp. 471
–480
. 10.1007/s12034-012-0296-454.
Duan
, L.
, Zhang
, X.
, Yue
, K.
, Wu
, Y.
, Zhuang
, J.
, and Lü
, W.
, 2017
, “Synthesis and Electrochemical Property of LiMn2O4 Porous Hollow Nanofiber as Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Nanoscale Res. Lett.
, 12
(1
), p. 109
. 10.1186/s11671-017-1879-155.
Hu
, W.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Zan
, L.
, and Cong
, H.
, 2020
, “Mitigation of Voltage Decay in Li-Rich Layered Oxides as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Nano Res.
, 13
(1
), pp. 151
–159
. 10.1007/s12274-019-2588-056.
Bard
, A. J.
, and Faulkner
, L. R.
, 2001
, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications
, John Wiley & Sons
, NY
.57.
Kwon
, N. H.
, Yin
, H.
, Vavrova
, T.
, Lim
, J. H. W.
, Steiner
, U.
, Grobéty
, B.
, and Fromm
, K. M.
, 2017
, “Nanoparticle Shapes of LiMnPO4, Li+ Diffusion Orientation and Diffusion Coefficients for High Volumetric Energy Li+ Ion Cathodes
,” J. Power Sources
, 342
, pp. 231
–240
. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.11158.
Satyavani
, T. V. S. L.
, Ramya Kiran
, B.
, Rajesh Kumar
, V.
, Srinivas Kumar
, A.
, and Naidu
, S. V.
, 2016
, “Effect of Particle Size on Dc Conductivity, Activation Energy and Diffusion Coefficient of Lithium Iron Phosphate in Li-Ion Cells
,” Eng. Sci. Technol. an Int. J.
, 19
(1
), pp. 40
–44
. 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.05.01159.
Zhang
, Q.
, Mei
, J.
, Wang
, X.
, Guo
, J.
, Tang
, F.
, and Lu
, W.
, 2014
, “Facile Synthesis of Spherical Spinel LiMn2O4 Nanoparticles Via Solution Combustion Synthesis by Controlling Calcinating Temperature
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 617
, pp. 326
–331
. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.08.00360.
Wu
, C.
, Wu
, F.
, Chen
, L.
, and Huang
, X.
, 2002
, “Fabrications and Electrochemical Properties of Fluorine-Modified Spinel LiMn2O4 for Lithium Ion Batteries
,” Proceedings of International Conference on Solid State Ionics, (Materials and Processes for Energy and Environment)
, Cairns, Australia
, July 8–13, 2001
.61.
Verma
, P.
, Maire
, P.
, and Novák
, P.
, 2010
, “A Review of the Features and Analyses of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Li-Ion Batteries
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 55
(22
), pp. 6332
–6341
. 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.07262.
Tong
, Q.
, Yang
, Y.
, Shi
, J.
, Yan
, J.
, and Zheng
, L.
, 2007
, “Synthesis and Storage Performance of the Doped LiMn2O4 Spinel
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 154
(7
), pp. A656
–A667
. 10.1149/1.273103663.
Ragavendran
, K.
, Chou
, H. L.
, Lu
, L.
, Lai
, M. O.
, Hwang
, B. J.
, Ravi Kumar
, R.
, Gopukumar
, S.
, Emmanuel
, B.
, Vasudevan
, D.
, and Sherwood
, D.
, 2011
, “Crystal Habits of LiMn2O4 and Their Influence on the Electrochemical Performance
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Adv.
, 176
(16
), pp. 1257
–1263
. 10.1016/j.mseb.2011.07.00564.
Arof
, A.
, Kufian
, M.
, Aziz
, N.
, Nor
, N. M.
, and Arifin
, K.
, 2017
, “Electrochemical Properties of LiMn2O4 Prepared with Tartaric Acid Chelating Agent
,” Ionics
, 23
(7
), pp. 1663
–1674
. 10.1007/s11581-017-1997-x65.
Wang
, Y.
, Chen
, W.
, Luo
, Q.
, Xie
, S.
, and Chen
, C. H.
, 2006
, “Columnar-Grown Porous Films of Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel (LiMn2O4) Prepared by Ultrasonic Spray Deposition
,” Appl. Surf. Sci.
, 252
(23
), pp. 8096
–8101
. 10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.10.02066.
Yoon
, S.
, Jung
, S.-H.
, Jung
, K.-N.
, Woo
, S.-G.
, Cho
, W.
, Jo
, Y.-N.
, and Cho
, K. Y.
, 2016
, “Preparation of Nanostructured Ge/GeO2 Composite in Carbon Matrix as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 188
, pp. 120
–125
. 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.13267.
Yoon
, S.
, Jung
, K.-N.
, Yeon
, S.-H.
, Jin
, C. S.
, and Shin
, K.-H.
, 2012
, “Electrochemical Properties of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2–Graphene Composite as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” J. Electroanal. Chem.
, 683
, pp. 88
–93
. 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.08.00568.
Xu
, H.
, Cheng
, B.
, Xu
, E.
, Xu
, L.
, Yang
, J.
, and Qian
, Y.
, 2012
, “Investigations of High Rate Capability and High Temperature Performance for Nano-Sized Porous LiAlxMn2-XO4 (X = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) Cathode Material
,” Int. J. Electrochem. Sci.
, 7
(12
), pp. 11917
–11929
.69.
Han
, D.-W.
, Ryu
, W.-H.
, Kim
, W.-K.
, Eom
, J.-Y.
, and Kwon
, H.-S.
, 2013
, “Effects of Li and Cl Codoping on the Electrochemical Performance and Structural Stability of LiMn2O4 Cathode Materials for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
, 117
(10
), pp. 4913
–4919
. 10.1021/jp310011mCopyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
