... is to present a method to express any 3D vector in a nonorthogonal coordinate system. The interpretation of these expressions in the JCS is clarified and an example for the 3D joint moment vector at the shoulder and the knee is given. A nonorthogonal projection method is proposed based on the mixed product...

... experimental results and computational data of the adult model to determine solution validity. It was found that numerical simulations can provide an accurate representation of axial velocities and turbulence intensity. Data on flow resistance, axial velocities, secondary velocity vectors, and turbulent...

... normal to the heat flux vector. However, this configuration still exceeds the target thermal conductivity by a factor of 1.5. Contributed by the Bioengineering Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING . Manuscript received by the Bioengineering Division June 28, 2001...

... Division February 15, 2001; revision received February 26, 2003. Associate Editor: M. G. Pandy. 15 February 2001 26 February 2003 01 08 2003 gait analysis vectors physiological models optimisation digital simulation The use of models to simulate human locomotion...

... and δ j are given by the following parametric equations (8) X j , Y j , Z j = q j u j , v j ; x j , y j , z j = r j s j , t j , j = 1 , 2 where the vectors q j , j...

... and was quantified by using particle-tracking velocimetry. Wall shear stress on the model surface was determined from a two-dimensional velocity field interpolated from measured velocity vectors. Accuracy of the velocimetry was verified by measuring the flow over a sinusoidal cell model that had a wall shear stress...

... with their corresponding displacements showed that topographic interaction was significant in the control of all three displacements. However, for patellar spin, unlike for the other two displacements, the direction of the active quadriceps tension vector was also a significant controlling factor. Patellar medial–lateral...