... to intramembranous ossification. Methods: We utilized a bilateral femur fracture model in Sprague Dawley rats to examine effects of cigarette smoke exposure on healing of femur fractures, treated with either locked intramedullary nail or compression plating to induce endochondral and membranous ossification...

... nails/pins) are driven across a fracture site at high velocity with a pneumatically powered gun. When fixation darts are inserted oblique to one another, kinematic constraints prevent fragment motion and allow bone healing to progress. The primary aim of this study is to determine if fixation darts can...