Abstract
Respiratory diseases debilitate more than 250 million people around the world. Among available inhalation devices, the soft mist inhaler (SMI) is the most efficient at delivering drugs to ease respiratory disease symptoms. In this study, we analyzed the SMI performance in terms of the aerosol's velocity profiles, flow pattern, size distribution, and deposition by employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. We modeled two different simplified mouth geometries, idealized mouth (IM), and standard mouth (SM). Three different locations (x = 0, x = 5, and x = 10 mm) for the SMI nozzle orifice were chosen along the mouth cavity centerlines, followed by two different SMI nozzle angles (10 deg and 20 deg) for IM geometry. A flowrate of 30 L/min was applied. The simulation results were evaluated against experimental data. It was found that the SMI could be simulated successfully with a level of error of less than 10%. The inhalation flowrate significantly impacted the aerosol's velocity profile and deposition efficiency on both the IM and SM walls. The lowest particle deposition on the mouth wall occurred when a fixed flowrate (30 L/min) was applied inside both geometries, and the SMI nozzle position moved forward to x = 10 mm from the IM and SM inlets. An increase in the SMI nozzle angle increased particle deposition and decreased the deposition fraction for particles with a diameter above 5 μm inside the IM.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Ciciliani
,
A. M.
,
Denny
,
M.
,
Langguth
,
P.
,
Voshaar
,
T.
, and
Wachtel
,
H.
, 2020
, “
Lung Deposition Using the Respimat® Soft MistTM Inhaler Mono and Fixed-Dose Combination Therapies: An In Vitro/in Silico Analysis
,” COPD J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis.
, 18(1), pp. 91
–100
.10.1080/15412555.2020.18530912.
Alatrash
,
A.
,
Mehri
,
R.
,
Ogrodnik
,
N.
,
Matida
,
E.
, and
Fiorenza
,
F.
, 2019
, “
Experimental Study of Spiriva Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler Spray Characterization: Size Distributions and Velocity
,” J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv.
,
32
(5
), pp. 293
–302
.10.1089/jamp.2018.15013.
Longest
,
P. W.
,
Tian
,
G.
,
Li
,
X.
,
Son
,
Y. J.
, and
Hindle
,
M.
, 2012
, “
Performance of Combination Drug and Hygroscopic Excipient Submicrometer Particles From a Softmist Inhaler in a Characteristic Model of the Airways
,” Ann. Biomed. Eng.
,
40
(12
), pp. 2596
–2610
.10.1007/s10439-012-0616-24.
Longest
,
P. W.
, and
Hindle
,
M.
, 2009
, “
Evaluation of the Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler Using a Concurrent CFD and In Vitro Approach
,” J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv.
,
22
(2
), pp. 99
–112
.10.1089/jamp.2008.07085.
Dastoorian
,
F.
,
Pakzad
,
L.
,
Kozinski
,
J.
, and
Behzadfar
,
E.
, 2022
, “
A CFD Investigation on the Aerosol Drug Delivery in the Mouth–Throat Airway Using a Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhaler Device
,” Processes
,
10
(7
), p. 1230
.10.3390/pr100712306.
Iwanaga
,
T.
,
Tohda
,
Y.
,
Nakamura
,
S.
, and
Suga
,
Y.
, 2019
, “
The Respimat® Soft Mist Inhaler: Implications of Drug Delivery Characteristics for Patients
,” Clin. Drug Investig.
,
39
(11
), pp. 1021
–1030
.10.1007/s40261-019-00835-z7.
De Boer
,
A. H.
,
Hagedoorn
,
P.
,
Hoppentocht
,
M.
,
Buttini
,
F.
,
Grasmeijer
,
F.
, and
Frijlink
,
H. W.
, 2017
, “
Dry Powder Inhalation: Past, Present and Future
,” Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.
,
14
(4
), pp. 499
–512
.10.1080/17425247.2016.12248468.
Saeedipour
,
M.
, 2019
, “
Atomization of Two Colliding Micro Liquid Jets in a Respiratory Inhaler: A Computational Study
,” 29th ILASS European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems
, Paris, France, Sept.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335609748_Atomization_of_two_colliding_micro_liquid_jets_in_a_respiratory_inhaler_A_computational_study9.
Brown
,
K. J.
,
Kalata
,
W.
, and
Schick
,
R. J.
, 2010
, “
Experimental and Computational Study of a Spray at Multiple Injection Angles Impact Study of a Clean in Place Tank Wash System
,” Second Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, ILASS Americas
, Cincinnati, OH, May.https://ilass.org/ConferencePapers/ILASS2010-181.PDF10.
Longest
,
P. W.
,
Spence
,
B.
, and
Hindle
,
M.
, 2019
, “
Devices for Improved Delivery of Nebulized Pharmaceutical Aerosols to the Lungs
,” J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv.
,
32
(5
), pp. 317
–339
.10.1089/jamp.2018.150811.
Longest
,
P. W.
, and
Kleinstreuer
,
C.
, 2005
, “
Computational Models for Simulating Multicomponent Aerosol Evaporation in the Upper Respiratory Airways
,” Aerosol Sci. Technol.
,
39
(2
), pp. 124
–138
.10.1080/02786829090878612.
Zierenberg
,
B.
, 1999
, “
Optimizing the In Vitro Performance of Respimat
,” J. Aerosol Med. Depos. Clear. Eff. Lung.
,
12
, pp. 19
–25
.10.1089/jam.1999.12.Suppl_1.S-1913.
Zierenberg
,
B.
, 1992
, “
The Respimat, a New Inhalation System Based on the Piezoelectric Effect
,” Biopharm. Sci.
,
3
, pp. 85
–90
.14.
Aggarwal
,
S. K.
, 2012
, “
Review of Handbook of Atomization and Spray: Theory and Applications
,” AIAA J.
,.
50
(3
), pp. 767
–768
.10.2514/1.J05131015.
Martin
,
A. R.
, and
Finlay
,
W. H.
, 2015
, “
Nebulizers for Drug Delivery to the Lungs
,” Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.
,
12
(6
), pp. 889
–900
.10.1517/17425247.2015.99508716.
Hindle
,
M.
, and
Longest
,
P. W.
, 2012
, “
Condensational Growth of Combination Drug-Excipient Submicrometer Particles for Targeted High-Efficiency Pulmonary Delivery: Comparison of CFD Predictions With Experimental Results
,” Pharm. Res.
,
23
, pp. 1
–7
.10.1007/s11095-011-0596-117.
Matida
,
E. A.
,
Finlay
,
W. H.
,
Lange
,
C. F.
, and
Grgic
,
B.
, 2004
, “
Improved Numerical Simulation of Aerosol Deposition in an Idealized Mouth-Throat
,” J. Aerosol Sci.
,
35
(1
), pp. 1
–19
.10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00381-118.
Cochrane
,
M. G.
,
Bala
,
M. V.
,
Downs
,
K. E.
,
Mauskopf
,
J.
, and
Ben-Joseph
,
R. H.
, 2000
, “
Inhaled Corticosteroids for Asthma Therapy: Patient Compliance, Devices, and Inhalation Technique
,” Chest
,
117
, pp. 542
–550
.10.1378/chest.117.2.54219.
Ke
,
W. R.
,
Wang
,
W. J.
,
Lin
,
T. H.
,
Wu
,
C. L.
,
Huang
,
S. H.
,
Wu
,
H. D.
, and
Chen
,
C. C.
, 2020
, “
In Vitro Evaluation of Aerosol Performance and Delivery Efficiency During Mechanical Ventilation Between Soft Mist Inhaler and Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhaler
,” Respir. Care
,
65
(7
), pp. 1001
–1010
.10.4187/respcare.0699320.
Demoly
,
P.
,
Hagedoorn
,
P.
,
De Boer
,
A. H.
, and
Frijlink
,
H. W.
, 2014
, “
The Clinical Relevance of Dry Powder Inhaler Performance for Drug Delivery
,” Respir. Med.
,
108
(8
), pp. 1195
–1203
.10.1016/j.rmed.2014.05.00921.
Newman
,
S. P.
,
Steed
,
K. P.
,
Reader
,
S. J.
,
Pavia
,
D.
, and
Sohal
,
A. K.
, 2007
, “
An In Vitro Study to Assess Facial and Ocular Deposition From Respimat® Soft Mist™ Inhaler
,” J. Aerosol Med. Depos. Clear. Eff. Lung.
,
20
(1
), pp. 7
–12
.10.1089/jam.2006.056322.
Rahman
,
M. F. A.
,
Asmuin
,
N. Z.
,
Taib
,
I.
,
Mat
,
M. N. H.
, and
Khairulfuaad
,
R.
, 2020
, “
Influence of Actuator Nozzle Angle on the Flow Characteristics in Pressurized-Metered Dose Inhaler Using CFD
,” CFD Lett.
,
12
(6
), pp. 67
–79
.10.37934/cfdl.12.6.677923.
Hira
,
D.
,
Koide
,
H.
,
Nakamura
,
S.
,
Okada
,
T.
,
Ishizeki
,
K.
,
Yamaguchi
,
M.
,
Koshiyama
,
S.
,
Oguma
,
T.
,
Ito
,
K.
,
Funayama
,
S.
,
Komase
,
Y.
,
Morita
,
S.-y.
,
Nishiguchi
,
K.
,
Nakano
,
Y.
, and
Terada
,
T.
, 2018
, “
Assessment of Inhalation Flow Patterns of Soft Mist Inhaler Co-Prescribed With Dry Powder Inhaler Using Inspiratory Flow Meter for Multi Inhalation Devices
,” PLoS One
,
13
(2
), p. e0193082
.10.1371/journal.pone.019308224.
Ronald
,
D.
, 2006
, “
Systemic Side Effects of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Patients With Asthma
,” Respir. Med.
,
100
(8
), pp. 1307
–1317
.10.1016/j.rmed.2005.11.02025.
Delvadia
,
R.
,
Longest
,
P.
,
Hindle
,
M.
, and
Byron
,
P. R.
, 2013
, “
In Vitro Tests for Aerosol Deposition. III: Effect of Inhaler Insertion Angle on Aerosol Deposition
,” J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv.
,
26
(3
), pp. 145
–156
.10.1089/jamp.2012.098926.
Fadl
,
A.
,
Wang
,
J.
,
Zhang
,
Z.
, and
Sung
,
Y.
, 2007
, “
Effects of MDI Spray Angle on Aerosol Penetration Efficiency Through an Oral Airway Cast
,” J. Aerosol Sci.
,
38
(8
), pp. 853
–864
.10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.06.00227.
Dutta
,
R.
,
Spence
,
B.
,
Wei
,
X.
,
Dhapare
,
S.
,
Hindle
,
M.
, and
Longest
,
P. W.
, 2020
, “
CFD Guided Optimization of Nose-to-Lung Aerosol Delivery in Adults: Effects of Inhalation Waveforms and Synchronized Aerosol Delivery
,” Pharm. Res.
,
37
(10
), p. 199
.10.1007/s11095-020-02923-828.
Yousefi
,
M.
,
Inthavong
,
K.
, and
Tu
,
J.
, 2017
, “
Effect of Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler Spray Characteristics and Particle Size Distribution on Drug Delivery Efficiency
,” J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv.
,
30
(5
), pp. 359
–372
.10.1089/jamp.2016.129929.
Finlay
,
W. H.
, and
Darquenne
,
C.
, 2020
, “
Particle Size Distributions
,” J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv.
,
33
(4
), pp. 178
–180
.10.1089/jamp.2020.29028.whf30.
Miyamoto
,
K.
,
Taga
,
H.
,
Akita
,
T.
, and
Yamashita
,
C.
, 2020
, “
Simple Method to Measure the Aerodynamic Size Distribution of Porous Particles Generated on Lyophilizate for Dry Powder Inhalation
,” Pharmaceutics
,
12
(10
), pp. 976
–914
.10.3390/pharmaceutics1210097631.
Mehri
,
R.
,
Slew
,
K. L.
,
Alatrash
,
A.
,
Matida
,
E.
, and
Fiorenza
,
F.
, 2018
, “
Aerosol Deposition Measurements With ODAPT Mask Adapter
,” Respir. Ther. J. Pulm. Technol.
,
13
, pp. 10
–14
.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Aerosol-Deposition-Measurements-with-ODAP T-Mask-Mehri-Slew/454a19bea4c934b04a606195ece5d494b316f05232.
Pitcairn
,
G.
,
Reader
,
S.
,
Pavia
,
D.
, and
Newman
,
S.
, 2005
, “
Deposition of Corticosteroid Aerosol in the Human Lung by Respimat® Soft Mist Inhaler Compared to Deposition by Metered Dose Inhaler or by Turbuhaler® Dry Powder Inhaler
,” J. Aerosol Med. Depos. Clear. Eff. Lung
,
18
(3
), pp. 264
–272
.10.1089/jam.2005.18.26433.
Hindle
,
M.
, and
Longest
,
P. W.
, 2010
, “
Evaluation of Enhanced Condensational Growth (ECG) for Controlled Respiratory Drug Delivery in a Mouth-Throat and Upper Tracheobronchial Model
,” Pharm. Res.
,
27
(9
), pp. 1800
–1811
.10.1007/s11095-010-0165-z34.
Longest
,
P. W.
, and
Hindle
,
M.
, 2010
, “
CFD Simulations of Enhanced Condensational Growth (ECG) Applied to Respiratory Drug Delivery With Comparisons to In Vitro Data
,” J. Aerosol Sci.
,
41
(8
), pp. 805
–820
.10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.04.00635.
Brand
,
P.
,
Hederer
,
B.
,
Austen
,
G.
,
Dewberry
,
H.
, and
Meyer
,
T.
, 2008
, “
Higher Lung Deposition With Respimat® Soft MistTM Inhaler Than HFA-MDI in COPD Patients With Poor Technique
,” Int. J. COPD
,
3
, pp. 763
–770
.10.2147/COPD.S393036.
Mehri
,
R.
,
Alatrash
,
A.
,
Ogrodnik
,
N.
,
Matida
,
E. A.
, and
Fiorenza
,
F.
, 2020
, “
In Vitro Measurements of Spiriva Respimat Dose Delivery in Mechanically Ventilated Tracheostomy Patients
,” J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv.
,
34
(), pp. 1
–9
.10.1089/jamp.2019.157037.
Wei
,
X.
,
Hindle
,
M.
,
Kaviratna
,
A.
,
Huynh
,
B. K.
,
Delvadia
,
R. R.
,
Sandell
,
D.
, and
Byron
,
P. R.
, 2018
, “
In Vitro Tests for Aerosol Deposition. VI: Realistic Testing With Different Mouth-Throat Models and In Vitro—In Vivo Correlations for a Dry Powder Inhaler, Metered Dose Inhaler, and Soft Mist Inhaler
,” J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv.
,
31
(6
), pp. 358
–371
.10.1089/jamp.2018.145438.
Gavtash
,
B.
,
Versteeg
,
H.
,
Hargrave
,
G.
,
Myatt
,
B.
,
Lewis
,
D.
,
Church
,
T.
, and
Brambilla
,
G.
, 2017
, “
Multi-Physics Theoretical Approach to Predict pMDI Spray Characteristics
,” Drug Deliv. Lungs
,
27
, pp. 4
–8
.https://ddl-conference.com/ddl27-2016/conferencepapers/multi-physics-theoretical-approach-predict-pmdi-spray-characteristics/39.
Mortazavi
,
H.
, and
Pakzad
,
L.
, 2020
, “
The Hydrodynamics and Mixing Performance in a Moving Baffle Oscillatory Baffled Reactor Through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
,” Processes
,
8
(10
), p. 1236
.10.3390/pr810123640.
Agahzamin
,
S.
, and
Pakzad
,
L.
, 2019
, “
A Comprehensive CFD Study on the Effect of Dense Vertical Internals on the Hydrodynamics and Population Balance Model in Bubble Columns
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
,
193
, pp. 421
–435
.10.1016/j.ces.2018.08.05241.
Sutherland
,
K.
,
Pakzad
,
L.
, and
Fatehi
,
P.
, 2019
, “
CFD Population Balance Modeling and Dimensionless Group Analysis of a Multiphase Oscillatory Baffled Column (OBC) Using Moving Overset Meshes
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
,
199
, pp. 552
–570
.10.1016/j.ces.2019.01.00542.
Ma
,
B.
, and
Lutchen
,
K. R.
, 2009
, “
CFD Simulation of Aerosol Deposition in an Anatomically Based Human Large-Medium Airway Model
,” Ann. Biomed. Eng.
,
37
(2
), pp. 271
–285
.10.1007/s10439-008-9620-y43.
Bass
,
K.
, and
Longest
,
P. W.
, 2018
, “
Recommendations for Simulating Microparticle Deposition at Conditions Similar to the Upper Airways With Two-Equation Turbulence Models
,” J. Aerosol. Sci.
,
119
, pp. 31
–50
.10.1016/j.jaerosci.2018.02.00744.
Ahookhosh
,
K.
,
Saidi
,
M.
,
Mohammadpourfard
,
M.
,
Aminfar
,
H.
,
Hamishehkar
,
H.
,
Farnoud
,
A.
, and
Schmid
,
O.
, 2021
, “
Flow Structure and Particle Deposition Analyses for Optimization of a Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler (pMDI) in a Model of Tracheobronchial Airway
,” Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.
,
164
, p. 105911
.10.1016/j.ejps.2021.10591145.
ANSYS, FLUENT,
2019
, ANSYS, FLUENT, 19.3 Theory Guide
,
ANSYS
, Canonsburg, PA.46.
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Finlay
,
W. H.
, and
Matida
,
E. A.
, 2004
, “
Particle Deposition Measurements and Numerical Simulation in a Highly Idealized Mouth-Throat
,” J Aerosol Sci.
,
35
(7
), pp. 789
–803
.10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.12.00647.
Sarkar
,
S.
,
Peri
,
S. P.
, and
Chaudhuri
,
B.
, 2017
, “
Investigation of Multiphase Multicomponent Aerosol Flow Dictating pMDI-Spacer Interactions
,” Int. J. Pharm.
,
529
(1–2
), pp. 264
–274
.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.00548.
Paz
,
C.
,
Suárez
,
E.
,
Vence
,
J.
, and
Cabarcos
,
A.
, 2019
, “
Engineering Analysis of the Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Simulation of the Mucus Clearance Process With CFD
,” Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng.
,
22
(5
), pp. 547
–566
.10.1080/10255842.2019.156963749.
Yin
,
X.
,
Zarikos
,
I.
,
Karadimitriou
,
N. K.
,
Raoof
,
A.
, and
Hassanizadeh
,
S. M.
, 2019
, “
Direct Simulations of Two-Phase Flow Experiments of Different Geometry Complexities Using Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) Method
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
,
195
, pp. 820
–827
.10.1016/j.ces.2018.10.02950.
Versteeg
,
H.
, and
Malalasekera
,
W.
, 2007
, An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method
, 2nd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, UK.51.
Das
,
P.
,
Nof
,
E.
,
Amirav
,
I.
,
Kassinos
,
S. C.
, and
Sznitman
,
J.
, 2018
, “
Targeting Inhaled Aerosol Delivery to Upper Airways in Children: Insight From Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
,” PLos One
,
13
(11
), p. e0207711
.10.1371/journal.pone.020771152.
Walenga
,
R. L.
,
Tian
,
G.
, and
Longest
,
P. W.
, 2013
, “
Development of Characteristic Upper Tracheobronchial Airway Models for Testing Pharmaceutical Aerosol Delivery
,” ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
,
135
(9
), p. 091010
.10.1115/1.402463053.
Wilcox
,
D. C.
, 2006
, Turbulence Modeling for CFD
, 3rd ed., DCW Industries, La Cañada Flintridge, CA.54.
Longest
,
P. W.
,
Hindle
,
M.
,
Choudhuri
,
S. D.
, and
Xi
,
J.
, 2008
, “
Comparison of Ambient and Spray Aerosol Deposition in a Standard Induction Port and More Realistic Mouth–Throat Geometry
,” Aerosol Sci.
,
39
(7
), pp. 572
–591
.10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.03.00855.
Menter
,
F. R.
, 1994
, “
Two-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models for Engineering Applications
,” AIAA J.
,
32
(8
), pp. 1598
–1605
.10.2514/3.1214956.
Uijttewaal
,
W. S. J.
, and
Oliemans
,
R. V. A.
, 1996
, “
Particle Dispersion and Deposition in Direct Numerical and Large Eddy Simulations of Vertical Pipe Flows
,” Phys. Fluids
,
8
(10
), pp. 2590
–2604
.10.1063/1.86904657.
Inthavong
,
K.
, 2020
, “
From Indoor Exposure to Inhaled Particle Deposition: A Multiphase Journey of Inhaled Particles
,” Exp. Comput. Multiphase Flow
,
2
(2
), pp. 59
–78
.10.1007/s42757-019-0046-658.
Paul
,
M. M.
, and
Pakzad
,
L.
, 2022
, “
Bubble Size Distribution and Gas Holdup in Bubble Columns Employing Non-Newtonian Liquids: A CFD Study
,” Can. J. Chem. Eng.
,
100
(10
), pp. 3030
–3046
.10.1002/cjce.2435259.
Agahzamin
,
S.
, and
Pakzad
,
L.
, 2019
, “
CFD Investigation of the Gas Dispersion and Liquid Mixing in Bubble Columns With Dense Vertical Internals
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
,
203
, pp. 425
–438
.10.1016/j.ces.2019.03.04860.
Kamin
,
W.
,
Frank
,
M.
,
Kattenbeck
,
S.
,
Moroni-Zentgraf
,
P.
,
Wachtel
,
H.
, and
Zielen
,
S.
, 2015
, “
A Handling Study to Assess Use of the Respimat® Soft Mist™ Inhaler in Children Under 5 Years Old
,” J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv.
,
28
(5
), pp. 372
–381
.10.1089/jamp.2014.115961.
Ge
,
Y.
,
Tong
,
Z.
,
Li
,
R.
,
Huang
,
F.
, and
Yu
,
J.
, 2021
, “
Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Key Parameters of the Respimat® Spray Inhaler
,” Processes
,
9
, pp. 1
–17
.10.3390/pr901004462.
Gholamzadehdevin
,
M.
, and
Pakzad
,
P.
, 2019
, “
Hydrodynamic Characteristics of an Activated Sludge Bubble Column Through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
,” Can. J. Chem. Eng.
,
97
(4
), pp. 967
–982
.10.1002/cjce.2333563.
Xi
,
J.
, and
Longest
,
P. W.
, 2008
, “
Effects of Oral Airway Geometry Characteristics on the Diffusional Deposition of Inhaled Nanoparticles
,” ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
,
130
(1
), p. 011008
.10.1115/1.283803964.
Mehri
,
R.
,
Alatrash
,
A.
,
Ogrodnik
,
N.
,
Lee Slew
,
K.
, and
Matida
,
E. A.
, 2020
, “
Comparison of Tiotropium Delivery With the ODAPT Adapter and a Valved Holding Chamber
,” Can. J. Respir. Crit. Care, Sleep Med.
, 5(5), pp. 293
–299
.10.1080/24745332.2020.178711265.
Koullapis
,
P. G.
,
Nicolaou
,
L.
, and
Kassinos
,
S. C.
, 2018
, “
In Silico Assessment of Mouth-Throat Effects on Regional Deposition in the Upper Tracheobronchial Airways
,” J. Aerosol Sci.
,
117
, pp. 164
–188
.10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.12.00166.
Milenkovic
,
J.
,
Alexopoulos
,
A. H.
, and
Kiparissides
,
C.
, 2014
, “
Deposition and Fine Particle Production During Dynamic Flow in a Dry Powder Inhaler: A CFD Approach
,” Int. J. Pharm.
,
461
(1–2
), pp. 129
–136
.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.11.047Copyright © 2023 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
