Freezing of the aqueous solutions that comprise biological materials, such as isotonic physiological saline, results in the formation of ice crystals and the generation of a hypertonic solution, both of which prove deleterious to biological matter. The field of modern cryopreservation, or preservation of biological matter at subfreezing temperatures, emerged from the 1948 discovery that certain chemical additives such as glycerol, known as cryoprotectants, can protect cells from freeze-related damage by depressing the freezing point of water in solution. This gave rise to a slew of important medical applications, from the preservation of sperm and blood cells to the recent preservation of an entire liver, and current cryopreservation protocols thus rely heavily on the use of additive cryoprotectants. However, high concentrations of cryoprotectants themselves prove toxic to cells, and thus there is an ongoing effort to minimize cryoprotectant usage while maintaining protection from ice-related damage. Herein, we conceive from first principles a new, purely thermodynamic method to eliminate ice formation and hypertonicity during the freezing of a physiological solution: multiphase isochoric freezing. We develop a comprehensive thermodynamic model to predict the equilibrium behaviors of multiphase isochoric systems of arbitrary composition and validate these concepts experimentally in a simple device with no moving parts, providing a baseline from which to design tailored cryopreservation protocols using the multiphase isochoric technique.
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August 2019
Research-Article
Thermodynamic Theory and Experimental Validation of a Multiphase Isochoric Freezing Process
Matthew J. Powell-Palm,
Matthew J. Powell-Palm
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
e-mail: mpowellp@berkeley.edu
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
e-mail: mpowellp@berkeley.edu
1Corresponding author.
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Justin Aruda,
Justin Aruda
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
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Boris Rubinsky
Boris Rubinsky
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
Search for other works by this author on:
Matthew J. Powell-Palm
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
e-mail: mpowellp@berkeley.edu
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
e-mail: mpowellp@berkeley.edu
Justin Aruda
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
Boris Rubinsky
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
University of California Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720
1Corresponding author.
Manuscript received February 26, 2019; final manuscript received April 8, 2019; published online May 13, 2019. Assoc. Editor: Ram Devireddy.
J Biomech Eng. Aug 2019, 141(8): 081011 (8 pages)
Published Online: May 13, 2019
Article history
Received:
February 26, 2019
Revised:
April 8, 2019
Citation
Powell-Palm, M. J., Aruda, J., and Rubinsky, B. (May 13, 2019). "Thermodynamic Theory and Experimental Validation of a Multiphase Isochoric Freezing Process." ASME. J Biomech Eng. August 2019; 141(8): 081011. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4043521
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