... is modeled as a rigid 3D body to simulate the penetration process. #45 and Armox 500T steels are used as the target materials, and the material behavior and failure mechanisms are modeled using the Johnson–Cook (JC) plasticity and damage models. In addition to the FE method, smoothed particle hydrodynamics...

... framework based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method has been developed for the investigation of single robot appendage interaction with a granular system. This framework has been validated by using experimental results and extended to study robot appendages with different shapes and stride...