Cadence Tracking for Switched FES-Cycling With Unknown Time-Varying Input Delay

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) induced exercise, such as motorized FES-cycling, is commonly used in rehabilitation for lower limb movement disorders. A challenge in closed-loop FES control is the presence of an input delay between the application (and removal) of the electrical stimulus and the production of muscle force. Moreover, switching between motor control and FES control of various muscle groups can be destabilizing. This paper examines the development of a control method and state-dependent trigger condition to account for the time-varying input delayed response. Uniformly ultimately bounded tracking for a switched uncertain nonlinear dynamic system with input delays is achieved.